http://www.archive.org/3etails/breadstu 


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readstuffs 


Latin  America. 


A.MF.RICAX    RkPUBUCS. 


Bulletin   No    35.      March     1 


LIST  OF  PREVIOUS  BULLETINS. 


1.  Hand  Book  of  the  American  Republics,  No.  i. 

2.  Hand  Book  of  the  American  Republics,  No.  2. 

3.  Patent  and  Trade-Mark  Laws  of  America. 

4.  Mone}',  Weights,  and  Measures  of  the  American  Republics. 

5.  Import  Duties  of  Mexico. 

6.  Foreign  Commerce  of  the  American  Republics. 

7.  Hand  Book  of  Brazil. 

8.  Import  Duties  of  Brazil. 

9.  Hand  Book  of  Mexico. 

10.  Import  Duties  of  Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico. 

11.  Import  Duties  of  Costa  Rica. 

12.  Import  Duties  of  Santo  Domingo. 

13.  Commercial  Directory  of  Brazil. 

14.  Commercial  Directory  of  Venezuela. 

15.  Commercial  Directory  of  Colombia. 

16.  Commercial  Directory  of  Peru. 

17.  Commercial  Directory  of  Chile. 

18.  Commercial  Directory  of  Mexico. 

ig.  Commercial  Directory  of  Bolivia,  Ecuador,  Paraguay,  and  Uruguay. 

20.  Import  Duties  of  Nicaragua. 

21.  Import  Duties  of  Mexico. 

22.  Import  Duties  of  Bolivia. 

23.  Import  Duties  of  Salvador. 

24.  Import  Duties  of  Honduras. 

25.  Import  Duties  of  Ecuador. 

26.  Commercial  Directory  of  Argentine  Republic. 

27.  Import  Duties  of  Colombia. 

28.  Commercial  Directory  of  Central  America. 

29.  Commercial  Directory  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 

30.  First  Annual  Report,  1891. 

31.  Hand  Book  of  Costa  Rica. 

32.  Hand  Book  of  Guatemala, 

33.  Hand  Book  of  Colombia. 

34.  Hand  Book  of  Venezuela. 


WASHINGTON,    D.   C,    U.    S.   A. 
Government  Printing  Office, 


Breadstuffs  in  Latin  America. 


(Compiled  from  official  returns  to  October  i,  1891. 


Bureau  ok  the  American  Repubi^ics. 

Bulletin  No.  35.     March,  1892. 


BUREAU  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS. 
NO.  2  LAFAYETTE  SQUARE,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 


Director. — William  E.  Curtis. 

Secretary. — Henry  L.  Bryan. 

Translators. — Portuguese,  John  C.  Redman. 

Spanish,  Jose  I.  Rodriguez. 
Clerks. — John  T    Suter. 

Leonard  G.  Myers. 
Stenographers. — Imogen  A.  Hanna. 
LucRETiA  Jackson. 
Distributing  Clerk. — Henrietta  P.  Dunn. 
Librarian. — Tillie  L.  Phillips. 
Copyist. — Rosabelle  S,  Rider. 


While  the  greatest  possible  care  is  taken  to  insure  accuracy  in  tiie  publications  of  the  Bureau  of  the 
American  Republics,  it  will  assume  no  pecuniary  responsibility  on  account  of  inaccuracies  that  may 
occur  therein. 

(2) 


Breadstuffs  in  Latin  America. 


In  the  negotiation  of  the  reciprocity  arrangements  authorized 
by  the  act  of  the  last  Congress  approved  October  i,  1890,  an 
effort  has  been  made  to  secure  the  free  admission  of  breadstuffs 
and  all  farm  products  of  the  United  States  into  the  other  Repub- 
lics and  the  colonies  of  America,  or  at  least  to  obtain  as  great  a 
reduction  in  the  duties  upon  that  class  of  merchandise  as  is  con- 
sistent with  the  revenues  necessary  to  sustain  the  Governments  of 
those  Republics  and  colonies.  So  far  as  the  negotiations  have 
been  completed  that  effort  has  been  notably  successful. 

Under  the  arrangement  between  Brazil  and  the  United  States 
domestic  breadstuffs  from  the  latter  country  are  now  admitted  free 
of  all  duty  into  the  ports  of  Brazil.  The  schedule  under  the 
treaty  and  the  former  rate  under  the  tariff  still  imposed  upon 
breadstuffs  imported  from  other  nations  are  shown  in  the  sub- 
joined table : 


Articles. 

Schedule 

under  the 

reciprocity 

treaty. 

Former  rate  of 
duty  under  the 
tariff,  expressed 
in  United  States 
equivalents. 

Barley 

Corn 

per  pound. 

Free.... 
..do 

Dollars. 

0.0074 
0.0037 
0.03 
0.03 

Free. 

Corn  meal 

do 

..do 

Rye  flour 

Wheat 

do.    .. . 

..do 

do 

..do 

Wheat  flour 

do 

..do 

0.004 
0.0037 

Oats 

Ho 

..do 

The  schedule   of  duties  upon  breadstuffs  exported  from  the 
United  States  to  the  Spanish  West  Indies  under  the  terms  of  the 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


reciprocity  treaty  with  Spain  and  the  duty  formerly  imposed 
upon  breadstuffs  under  the  tariff  (still  in  force  as  to  these  imports 
from  other  nations)  are  as  follows  : 


Articles. 


Oats,  barley,  and  rye per  cwt. 

Corn do . . . 

Wheat,  from  January  i,  1892. . .  .do. . . 

Oatmeal do.  . . 

Rye  flour do.  . . 

Barley  flour do. . . 

Corn  meal  . do.  . . 

Bran do . . . 

Wheatflour,from  January  1, 1892. do. . . 

Bread  and  crackers,  ordinary  . .  .do.  . . 
Bread  and  crackers,  fine do. . . 


Schedule  of 

duties  under 

reciprocity  treaty 

for  Cuba  and 
Puerto  Rico, 
expressed  in 

United  States 
equivalents. 


Dollars. 

Free  .... 


105 
126 


Free 
Free 
Free 


o.  105 


o.  42 
f  Atareduc- 
I  tion  of  duty 
I  of  50  per 
[cent  from 
[July  1,1892. 


Former  rate  of 

duty  under  the 

Cuban    tariff, 

expressed  in 
United  States 

equivalents. 


Dollars. 

0.441 
0.441 
1.323 
1.764 
0.441 


o.  441 

0.441 
1.97 

1.323 
2.  646 


Former  rate  of 
duty  under  the 
Puerto  Rico  tar- 
iff, expressed 
in  United  States 
equivalents. 


Dollars. 

o.  336 

0.273 

1.025 
1.092 


The  terms  for  the  admission  of  breadstuffs  into  Santo  Domingo 
from  the  United  States  under  the  reciprocity  treaty  between  these 
countries  and  the  former  rate  of  duty,  under  the  tariff,  upon  bread- 
stuffs  (still  in  force  as  to  other  countries)  are  set  forth  in  the  table 
annexed : 


Articles. 


Oats per  barrel , 

Barley per  cwt . 

Rye do. . . 

Maize   . .      per  barrel 

Corn  meal do. . 

Rye  flour do. . 

Wheat  flour do . . 


Schedule   under 

the  reciprocity 

treaty. 


Free 
Free 
Free 
Free 
Free 
Free 
Free 


Former  rate  of  duty  un- 
der the  tariff,  expressed 
in  United  States  equiv- 
alents, and  payable  in 
Mexican  dollars,  worth 
in  United  St  tes 
values  80  cents. 


Valuation. 


Dollars. 

3.  00 
12.  00 

4.  00 
3.00 

4.50 
5.00 

7.  00 


Duty. 


Per  cent. 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


I 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  5 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  detailed  statistics  it  is  impossible  to  ascer- 
tain or  estimate  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  the  amount  of 
breadstuffs  produced  or  imported  by  the  Latin-American  coun- 
tries and  colonies,  but  it  is  conceded  that  the  amount  consumed 
by  their  aggregate  population  of  fifty  millions  would  be  very 
much  larger  were  it  not  for  the  high  duties  imposed  upon  such 
imports  in  most  of  them.  Chile,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine 
Republic  are  the  only  countries  south  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  Rio  Grande  that  produce  breadstuffs  for  export,  and  they  have 
done  so  only  within  the  last  few  years.  In  the  other  countries 
the  production  is  limited  because  of  climatic  conditions  and  the 
fact  that  other  products  are  found  so  much  more  profitable. 

EXPORTS  OF  BREADSTUFFS  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 

The  value  of  the  exports  of  breadstuffs  from  the  United  States 
to  Latin  America  for  the  last  ten  years  has  been  as  follows : 


Mexico; 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

British  Honduras 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


Dollars. 

241,071 

333.  429 

396,  970 

1,411.473 
I,  379,  805 
731,995 
492,  880 
124,458 
197,225 
4S4,  353 

397,  809 

379 

222 

1,677 

664 

944 
1,056 
2.558 

984 
2.570 
2,  240 
1,646 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

4.  142 

10,  499 

14,  069 

9,974 

3.829 

4,  168 

5.  161 
16,  833 

3,  226 
8,769 
7,  202 

54 

39 

188 

220 

351 
207 
282 

133 
120 
100 
133 


Wheat. 


Dollars. 

82 

6,669 

1,848 

40 

60 

495 
30 
2,967 
2,428 
2,279 
9.507 


338 


Wheat  flour. 


Dollars. 

93.  675 
96,  859 
176,  560 
174,027 
120,  535 
123,  049 
142,  378 
133.  785 
183,318 
164,  490 
203,  792 

82,983 

92,  788 

107,  616 

83,  705 
62,  014 
67,  091 
69,  254 
52,  803 
66,  226 
48,  929 
76,  629 


Other 
breadstuffs 
and  food 
prepara- 
tions. 


Dollars. 

55. 167 
80, 189 
99,  456 
84,  147 
57. 149 
44,  904 
63,  027 
67,  005 
79,  885 
88,  927 
no,  326 

10,  476 
10,  243 
12,  605 

9.447 

8,243 

7,243 
6,647 
4,576 
5.452 
4,795 
10,  682 


Total. 


Dollars. 

394,  137 
527,  645 
688,  903 
I,  679,  661 
1.561,378 
904,  611 
703,  476 
345,  048 
466,  082 
748,  818 
728,  636 

93.  892 
103,  292 
123,424 

94.  036 
71,552 
75.  597 
78,  741 
58,  496 
74,  370 
56, 064 
89,  090 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Costa  Rica:* 
1886.... 

1887  .... 


1890 

1891 

Guatemala:* 

1886  .  . .  . 

1887  .... 

1888  .... 


1890  . , 

1891  , . 
Honduras: 

1886.. 

1887  ., 


1890  . . 

1891'. . 

Nicaragua: 

1886  .  . 

1887  .. 

1888  .. 


1890 
1891 
Salvador: 
1886 

1887 


1890  . . 

1891  .  . 
Colombia: 

1881  .. 

1882  .. 

1883  .. 

1884  .  . 

1885  .. 
1886.. 

1887  .. 

1888  .  . 

1889  . 

1890  .  . 

1891  .. 
Venezuela: 


:882 
:883 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


Dollars. 

176 

9.380 

10,008 

1,557 

37,  461 

3,593 

80 

5,064 

52,  938 

5,110 

2,665 

136,  302 

4,407 
2,055 
1,870 
1,752 
2,  768 
3,221 

2,  136 

4,178 
4,052 
2,832 
2,343 
7,097 

348 
311 

1,475 
173 

1,172 

20,  696 

48,  192 

194,  704 

41, 034 

36,  305 

21,  001 
15,538 
18,  222 
17,  568 
II,  266 

2,452 
7,611 

205,  979 

22,  204 
12,891 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

1,314 

580 

389 
155 
105 
844 

515 
53 
38 

9 
194 

258 

35 
69 
30 
64 
215 
155 

128 
38 
17 

127 
45 

236 

15 
93 
30 


19 

522 
2,285 
3,085 
5,498 
6,727 
5,521 
6,459 
4,241 
I,  501 
510 
911 

1,605 
1,026 
1,027 


Wheat. 


Dollars. 

3,773 
14,  382 
32,  098 
22,  638 

18,  782 
27,  850 

19,  079 
19,  425 
17,  637 
26,  748 
26,403 
30,  802 


19 


50 

70 

1,124 

1.379 
2,400 

83 


552 
167 


Wheat  flour, 


*  2,169 

11,977 

3,223 


Dollars. 

80,  167 
102,  100 
116,  634 

153,787 
167,051 
177,681 

134,  738 
130,  384 
173,  986 
195,  172 
202,  411 
280,  225 

64,703 
62,  702 
69,  235 

66,  032 
56,  263 
89,  488 

88,  125 

87,471 
100,  851 
119,919 
115,154 
153,  244 

146,  453 
155,538 
193,  124 
169,  359 
208,  313 
273,  162 

223,  368 
372,  099 
306,  740 


294,  806 
310,  567 
353,171 
342,  982 
326,  688 
248,  086 
296,  238 

530,  019 

673,  045 
589,  007 


Other 

breadstuflfs 

and  food 

prepara- 

tiows. 


Dollars. 

3,510 
6,953 

13,  298 
7,581 
8,669 
6,803 

5,313 
5,496 

10,  268 
11,228 

11,  916 
17,988 

2,  980 
2,352 

5,587 
4.923 

2, 784 ! 
3,417 ! 

6,  292 
II,  676 

14,  139 
13,  652 
15,681 
19,  299 

1,956 
1,344 
2,  490 
2,771 
4,145 
4,273 

55,282 
60,  294 
63,  475 
71.  786 
79,  063 
76,  138 
82,  620 
76,  007 

49.  245 
28,  287 
32,  172 

104,  342 
49,  672 
53,516 


Total. 


Dollars. 

88,  940 
133,  395 

172,  423 
185,718 
231,  968 
216,  771 

159.  725 

160,  422 
254,  867 
238,  267 
243,  589 
465,  575 

72,  125 
67,  178 
76,  722 
72,  781 
61,  030 
96,  281 

96,  700 
103,  363 
119,059 
136,  530 
133,223 
179,  876 

148,822 
157,356 
198,  243 

173,  682 
216,029 
298,  233 

327,  364 
629,  382 

414,  334 

477,  734 
401,  597 
408,  316 
460,  639 
440,  798 
388,  700 
279,  345 
336,935 

844,  114 

757,  924 
659,  664 


♦Central  America  not  separately  stated  until  1886. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Venezuela — Cont'd. 
1884 


1885  . 

1886  , 
1887. 
1888  , 
1889. 

1890  , 

1891  , 
British  Gi 

1881. 
1882  . 
1883. 


1885 
1886 
1887 


i»a9 

1890 

1891 

Dutch  Guiana: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886  .... 
1887 


1889 

1890 

1891 

French  Guiana: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Brazil  : 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


Dollars. 

I,  190 
288,  196 
147,  863 

5,968 

5,444 
119,  288 
129,  831 
141,891 

62,  484 

53,  997 
68,  750 
50,  577 
56,  363 
39.  287 
30,  275 
45,  627 
34,417 
34,  960 

54,  733 

332 
525 
100 
202 
280 
III 
97 
993 
312 
248 
903 


199 
119 

443 
205 

314 

697 

1,283 

1,028 

1,799 
2,695 

273 


172 
42 
42 

332 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

576 
559 
570 
730 
783 
923 
I,  240 
3,040 


421 
013 
434 
147 

725 
138 

055 
226 
346 
843 
376 

31 
20 
30 
50 
172 
48 


Wheat. 


153 

85 
217 
268 

163 
177 
208 
147 
234 
242 
442 
293 
329 
337 
536 


Wheat  flour. 


Dollars. 

2,080 
3,700 
2,077 
3,042 

2,945 
5,205 

1,993 
14,631 


23,  208 

153 
61,  140 


24,  860 
4,990 


Dollars. 

518,054 
616,  348 
602,  567 
573,219 

599,  221 
791,007 
807,  642 
066,  605 

619,  852 
601,  756 

564,487 
569,  665 

551,055 
554,  430 
466,  957 
609,  487 
540,  132 
673,  949 
704,  264 

51,480 
96,  149 
76,  039 
66,  292 

57,  390 
63,  634 
48,315 
62,  821 
55,666 
56,  394 
71,  749 

13,  912 
15,624 

12,  722 
II,  718 

13,  123 
18,  000 
18,078 
27,  058 
25,  240 
22,  148 
21,  296 

4,  392,  900 
4,  546,  224 
4,517,030 
3.  845,  224 
3,  369,  074 
2,  674,  327 


Other 
breadstuffs 
and  food 
prepara- 
tions. 


Total. 


Dollars. 

53,781 
56,  178 

66,  822 
78,  039 
53,  114 
73, 166 
86,  522 

97,  606 

111,451 
106,  887 

89,  537 

98,  486 
34,  604 
26,  286 
28,952 
31,683 
17,  346 
10,  300 
20,  356 

3,609 
3,  629 
4,060 
3,795 
2,776 
1,874 
2,  298 

2,931 
2,060 

1,905 
3,008 

2,375 

4,785 

2,415 

90 

198 

870 

1,843 
2,  521 
1,342 

5,898 
4,539 

37,  742 
44,  001 
42,  254 
46,  348 

25,417 
28,  248 


Dollars. 

575,681 
964,  981 
819,  899 

660,  998 

661,  507 

989,  589 
1,027,228 

1,323,773 

805,  208 
769,  653 
727,  208 
720,  875 

647,  747 
626,  141 

527,  239 
691,  023 

594,  241 
734,  072 
784,  739 

55,452 
100,  323 
80,  229 
70,  339 
60,  618 
65,667 
50,  710 
66,  898 
58,123 
58,  764 
75,928 

16,450 

20,  785 
15.464 

12,  398 

13,  760 
19,  426 

21,  060 
31,  155 
27,  939 
30,  182 
29,  066 

4,  454,  123 
4,  590,  380 
4,  620,  596 
3,  891,  630 
3,419,448 
2,  707,  948 


8 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Brazil — Continued. 

1887 

1888 

1889 . 

1890 

1891 

Uruguay  : 

1881 

1882 


1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 


i«90 , 

1891 

Argentine  Republic 

1881 , 

1882 

1883 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


1885 
1886 
1887 


1890 
1891 

Chile: 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 

Bolivia: 
1888 
1890 
1891 

Peru: 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 


Dollars. 

2,  124 
699 

28,354 
19,  607 

8,543 
69 


468 
9,395 


260 


19 


946 


46 

5 

53 

21 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

390 
295 
210 
ID 
279 


10 
220 

734 


15 


60 


Wheat. 


Dollars. 

45,718 

150 

384,  337 

616,  158 

501,  207 

32,  850 

425 

I,  230 


162,  941 
647.  587 


72,  995 


I,  220 


71,057 


200 

117,835 

200,  147 

23.  177 

41,  342 


Wheat  flour 


Dollars. 

3,  596,  204 

2,778,353 
3,651,  908 
3,  304,  990 
3,  838,  919 

6,159 

28,  380 

59.  954 
19,  908 

2,455 
25 
51 


114,  559 
54,  147 


5.365 


14,  100 

5 


.740 


1,850 


224 


6,305 
704 

789 
1,546 

55,  726 


140 


250 

63 

1,545 

119 
I,  100 


Other 
breadstuffs 
and  food 
prepara- 
tions. 


Dollars. 

33,  707 
32,  784 
38,  242 
32,  891 
37, 173 

4.386 

1.  431 

2,  207 
5.625 

281 
2,  621 

3.197 
2,033 
5,758 
3.729 
2,368 

389 

379 

967 

909 

1.456 

2,867 

8,756 

4.553 

I,  362 

1.344 
204 

970 
121 

137 
149 

lOI 

226 

27.  794 

1.553 

410 

735 
19.  367 

27 


Total. 


380 
490 
370 
1,817 
466 


Dollars. 

3,  678,  143 

2,812,281 

4,  103,051 

4,  973.  656 
4,  386, 121 

43.  464 
30,  236 

63,  391 

25.533 

2,736 

2,756 

3,248 

2,033 

283,258 

705,  463 

2,368 

78,  749 

379 

15.067 

914 

1,456 

2,867 

9,986 

5,981 

11,491 

72,  401 

204 

3.095 
121 

137 
392 

lOI 

364 

34. 330 

120,  109 

201,  346 

25.458 
117,441 

27 

140 


630 

599 
I,  920 

1,989 
1,600 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Peru — Continued. 

1887 , 

1888 

1889 , 

1890 

1891 

Ecuador: 


is»9 

1890 

1891 

All  other  countries 
and  ports  of  South 
America: 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

British  West  Indies: 

1881 


1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 


1889 

1890 

1891 

Dutch  West  Indies: 
1881 


1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

French  West  Indies: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 


1885 
1886 
1887 
i888 


Corn  and 
corn  meal. 


Dollars. 
173 


3,500 


766, 218 
555.024 
510,  922 
462,  669 
514.546 
502,  548 
372,  372 
418,  791 
489,  712 
459,  726 
717.851 

174,605 
153,402 
100,  730 
00,  923 
148,  007 
105,  678 

57,  936 

58,  580 
99,  996 
90,  373 
71,597 

45,023 
33,852 

49,  894 
37.917 

50,  043 
31.158 

35.  703 

36,  022 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Wheat. 


Dollars. 


13 


72,  545 
62,  707 
53,004 
60,  520 
55,225 
67,  223 
60,  408 
52,  045 
60,  322 
loi,  599 
103,  571 

968 

769 
788 
501 
596 
749 
262 

475 

283 

137 
466 

5.421 
4.528 
3.741 
2,  249 
1,490 
834 
1,390 
1,887 


Dollars. 

80,  542 
41,  010 


77.  225 

58,  801 


18 

508 

154 

318 
338 
119 
168 
1.095 
2,287 
709 

997 

125.954 


157 
163 


97 


32 
25 


26,  899 
32,  798 
45.  642 
43.  194 


Wheat  flour. 


31    I 
I,  840  i 

24. 137  ! 


Dollars. 

34.  460 

2,984 

652 

658 

8,649 

24.  743 

28,  604 

63.  578 

130,  573 

157,092 


656 
2,478 

829 
6,997 

2,  563,  776 
2,  390,  158 
2,  100,  852 
2,  105,  233 
1,865,216 
2,  030,  491 
I,  702,  990 

1.  939.  989 

2,  083,  433 

1,  945.  265 

2,  496,  241 

176,  269 
176,  594 
124,  365 
131,911 
126,  200 
119,769 
95.  460 
104,  003 

136,  529 
99,212 

111,173 

540,  275 
560,  118 
531,618 
462,  482 
478,412 
483,  488 
411,322 
425,655 


Other 
breadstuffs 
and  food 
prepara- 
tions. 


Dollars. 

1,324 
2,  290 

1,  136 
843 

2,656 

29,  623 
3.693 

2,  691 
4,119 
2,  017 


I.  165 

4,  106 

770 

4.551 

423.  322 
417.  747 
373.971 
312,  632 

285,  494 
335,  600 
288,675 
303,  672 
366,  983 
364,  113 
443.  558 

45.  984 
40,  359 
35.737 
25,  021 

23.  535 
21,713 
17.405 
15.970 
25.  874 
22,  115 

24.  554 

67,813 
57,  538 
54, 728 
44.  697 
65,  610 
67,  388 
47.  384 
53.  830 


Total. 


Dollars. 

116,  499 
46,  284 

1,788 
78,  726 
70,  106 

54,  366 

32,  297 

66,  269 

134, 692 

159,  109 


5,321 

6,584 

1,599 

11,566 

3,  826,  369 
3,  428,  790 
3,041,067 
2,  942,  392 
2,  721,  600 
2,  938,  030 
2,425,540 

2,  716,  784 

3,  001,  159 
2,  871,  700 
3,887,175 

397,  826 
372,281 

261,  783 
238,  356 
298,  338 
248,  006 
171,063 
179,028 

262,  714 
211,  837 
207,  815 

685,431 

688,  834 
685,623 
590.  539 
595,555 
582,  899 

497,  639 
541.531 


lO 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


French  West  Indies — 
Continued. 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Danish  West  Indies: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Spanish  West  Indies: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Haiti: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Santo  Domingo: 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 , 


Com  and 
cornmeal. 


Dollars. 

38,  361 
37.609 
48,  966 

90,  291 
94,  936 
83,  880 
72,  666 
70,  199 
64,  427 
59,  888 

64,  943 
57.316 

53,  581 
66,  579 

164,  744 
363,  691 
231,  963 
128,  805 

83,  066 
121,  282 
214,  656 
104,  469 

98,  144 
308,  342 
254,  575 

4,465 
4,352 
4,  339 
1,856 
1,849 

810 
I,  165 

327 
1,338 
4,  622 
5,509 

908 

643 

222 
1,188 

685 
1,343 

908 

1,257 
I,  261 

1,  690 

2,  152 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

1,847 
8,197 
1,114 

633 
1,431 
I,  262 

882 
268 

525 
492 
290 

879 
862 
436 

13,452 

17,  691 
24,  791 
10,  277 

3,909 
7,763 
15,  236 
8,305 
8,221 

18,  688 
12,585 


2,277 

1,757 

1,469 

1,119 

562 

867 

355 

572 

1,599 
2,988 

5,396 

96 
222 

239 
184 
230 
241 
278 
361 
496 
559 
754 


Wheat. 


Dollars. 

21,752 

31,887 
11,366 


22 

36,  262 

62,  371 

5,069 

786 

121 

185 

168 

35 
I,  246 

23 


3,947 


Wheat  flour. 


Dollars. 

536,012 
495,421 

556,  807 

185,870 
173,440 
171,  159 
152,  544 
139,  632 
143,  894 

136,  600 
132,  647 
131,910 

137,  128 
124,  231 


733, 
654, 

1,745. 

I,  245. 

I,  309. 

I,  468, 

1,469. 
I,  846, 
1,828, 
I,  864, 
I,  260, 


I,  029,  357 
626.  880 
547,  770 
403,  208 
448,  703 
485,  156 
374.  893 
615,435 
787,919 
777,  974 

I,  180,  871 

132,085 
135.013 
155.  763 
177,414 

148,  069 

193.  543 
143,  689 
135.285 
202,  678 

149,  260 
206,  239 


Other 
breadstuffs 
and  food 
prepara- 
tions. 


486 

593 
360 
342 
364 
088 
685 
419 
704 
054 
714 


Dollars. 

49,  857 
49,  109 

55,  570 

29,  252 

28,  989 

31,907 

17,  162 
15,176 

12,  867 
15,426 
12,082 

13,  140 
14, 103 
17,852 

267, 174 

307,  496 

377,  334 

92,  164 

74,  659 
83,  714 
79,  680 
68,  581 

74.  725 
100,  044 

95.957 

37.  180 
28,  213 

14,  755 
9,  406 

11.537 
12,  108 

11.593 

18.  795 
28,  038 
34,  647 
31,  895 

10,  894 

12,  097 

18,  225 

14,  501 

11,833 

8,946 

8,055 

6,725 

7,747 

11,472 

12,856 


ToUl. 


Dollars. 

647,  829 
622,  223 
673,  823 

310,  859 
298,  804 
288,  208 

243,  254 
225,  284 

221,  715 
212,  408 
209,  964 

203,  247 
205,  674 
209,  102 

I,  178,878 

1,  379,  733 

2,  441,  819 
1,481.657 
I.  471.  784 
I,  680,  968 

1,  779,  442 

2,  027,  942 
2,  009,  829 
2,  292,  374 
1,623,854 

1,073,279 
661,  202 
568,  333 
415.589 
462,  651 
502,  888 
388,  006 
635,  129 
818,  894 
820,  231 

I,  223,671 

143,  983 
147,  975 
174,449 
193,  287 
160,  817 

204,  075 
152,  930 

143,  633 
212,  182 
162,  981 

222,  001 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  1  1 

The  capacity  of  the  several  Latin-American  countries  for  the 
production  of  breadstufFs  and  the  extent  to  which  they  derive  their 
supply  of  cereal  products  from  the  United  States  are  hereinafter 
set  forth  in  detail. 

ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC. 

The  history  of  cereal  agriculture  in  the  Argentine  Republic 
and  of  its  wonderful  development  presents  a  study  of  great  interest. 
It  has  for  sometime  been  the  aim  of  that  country  to  successfully 
compete  with  the  United  States  in  the  supplying  of  food  products 
to  the  markets  of  Europe  and  America. 

Notwithstanding  the  difficulties  encountered  in  the  shape  of 
political  changes,  lack  of  immigration,  financial  embarrassment^ 
and  the  greater  attraction  offered  by  the  lucrative  and  less  labo- 
rious occupation  of  stock  raising,  agriculture  has  already  made 
gigantic  strides  in  the  Argentine.  With  a  soil  of  excessive  fer- 
tility, hardly  to  be  surpassed  anywhere,  and  a  climate  and  physical 
condition  highly  favorable  to  agricultural  production,  still  more 
rapid  development  is  to  be  expected.  The  cultivation  of  the  soil 
was  an  occupation  of  the  Indians  before  the  discovery  and  con- 
quest of  these  countries,  and  fertilization  and  irrigation  were 
understood  and  applied  by  them  in  this  pursuit.  One  of  the 
chief  products  of  the  country  was  maize  or  Indian  corn.  Wheat,, 
oats,  rye,  barley,  and  other  cereals  introduced  from  Europe  by  the 
conquerors  grew  bountifully  in  this  new  land. 

While  the  agricultural  methods  are  still  primitive  in  some  parts 
of  the  country,  modern  appliances  are  largely  used  near  the  rail- 
ways and  cities.  The  great  want,  however,  is  a  population  to  till 
the  soil.  This  necessity  can  only  be  supplied  by  increased  immi- 
gration, as  the  natives  and  Spaniards  are  not  inclined  to  agriculture. 

In  1875  the  total  amount  of  land  under  cultivation  in  the 
entire  Republic  was  only  825,492  acres,  and  in  1888  the  official 
figures  give  the  amount  at    2,359,958  hectares,  about  equal  to 


12 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


5,899,895  acres.  This,  however,  is  less  than  1  per  cent  of  the 
715,210,080  acres  included  in  the  total  area  of  the  country. 

Wheat,  maize,  barley,  rye,  and  oats  may  be  grown  in  all  depart- 
ments of  the  Republic  from  Patagonia  to  Bolivia,  and  from  the 
Andes  to  La  Plata ;  and  while  all  this  extent  of  territory  may  not, 
from  lack  of  rain  and  facilities  for  irrigation  or  from  saline  properties 
in  the  soil,  be  suitable  for  cereal  cultivation,  the  portions  not  adapted 
for  agriculture  are  comparatively  insignificant. 

Wheat  is  generally  sown  from  June  to  August,  and  harvested 
in  November.  The  planting  of  maize  takes  place  from  September 
to  January,  and  may  be  readily  followed  by  a  second  crop. 

The  increase  progressively  in  the  wheat  and  corn  acreage  since 
1875  was  as  follows  (the  acreage  of  1889,  ^^  estimate  only,  is 
considered  too  moderate  in  view  of  the  increase  in  immigration): 


Crop. 

1875. 

1884. 

1888. 

1889. 

Wheat 

Acres. 
271,436 
249.  356 

A  cres. 

686,000 

330,000 

A  cres. 
824,  099 
832,609 

Acres. 
1,035,000 
850,000 

Corn 

The  acreage  of  1890,  it  is  claimed,  is  for  wheat,  3,306,322  acres, 
and  for  maize,  1,685,290  acres.  Should  these  figures  prove  cor- 
rect, the  increase  over  1889  would  be  marvelous. 


EXPORTS  FROM  THE  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

Before  1870  La  Plata  imported  wheat  for  its  consumption; 
from  1870  to  1878  its  production  was  sufficient  for  the  home 
demand  and  since  then  the  cultivation  of  the  cereals,  due  to  Euro- 
pean immigration,  has  increased  continuously.  The  surplus  above 
its  own  requirements  grew  from  200  tons  in  1877  to  100,000  tons 
in  1 885.  The  cultivation  of  maize  developed  likewise  with  great 
rapidity.  From  1877  to  1886  its  exports  increased  from  10,000 
tons  to  230,000  tons. 

A  comparative  statement  from  official  sources  of  the  flour,  wheat 
and  maize  exports  of  1881  and  1890  shows  a  wonderful  increase  : 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


13 


Years. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Maize. 

1890 - 

Tons. 
326,  186 
1,166 

Tons. 
13,018 
1,286 

11,732 

Tons. 
707,  282 

1881 

25,052 

325,  020 

682,  230 

In  1888  the  land  under  cultivation  was  greater  than  ever  before, 
and  the  harvest  gave  hopeful  promise ;  but  a  series  of  heavy  rains 
caused  almost  a  total  failure  in  the  crops,  with  the  exception  of 
corn,  and  the  export  of  wheat  decreased  largely. 

An  estimate  of  the  acreage  of  the  crops  and  probable  yield  in 
1890-91  shows  the  following  result: 


Crop. 

Land    culti- 
vated. 

Probable 

yield. 

Available  for 
export. 

Wheat            

A  cres. 

3.  306,  332 

I,  685,  290 
71,662 

Tons^ 
900,  000 
1,000,000 

Tons. 
390,  000 
500,  000 

Maize   

Oats                                                         

The  condition  of  agriculture  in  Argentine  is  best  indicated  by 
its  commerce  in  these  products. 


FOREIGN    TRADE    IN    BREADSTUFFS. 


The  foreign  trade  in  breadstuffs  for  twelve  years,  1870  to  i88i» 
is  shown  in  the  subjoined  tables : 


1870  . 

1871  . 

1872  . 

1873  . 

1874  . 

1875  • 

1876  . 

1877  . 

1878  . 

1879  • 
1880* 


Year. 


Imports. 


Wheat. 


Tons. 
3,903 
1,524 
1,424 

1,054 

2,550 

4,847 

335 

600 

9 
6 

18,581 

11,478 


Flour. 


Indi 


Tons. 
5,726 
5,681 
2,  140 
1,017 

7,417 

16,  922 

3,129 

127 

6 

3 
1,116 
I,  142 


Tons. 


60 
60 
14 


Exports. 


Wheat. 


Tons. 


17 
4 

357 


20 

199 

2,547 

25, 669 

1,665 

157 


Flour. 


Tons. 


Indian 
corn. 


16 

205 

121 

24 

12 

353 

218 

2,918 

I,  603 

1,423 

1,287 


*  There  was  a  failure  of  the  wheat  crop  in  1880  and  a  partial  failure  in  1881 


Tons. 


1,646 

3,862 

222 

8,058 

9,817 

17,064 

29,  521 

15,032 

25,052 


H 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Omitting  the  two  years  in  which  the  wheat  crop  failed,  this 
table  in  the  decreased  imports  and  increased  exports  shows  con- 
vincingly the  enormous  growth  of  cereal  cultivation  in  this  coun- 
try, and  a  comparison  with  exports  from  1883  to  1890  again 
exhibits  an  astonishing  increase. 


Export  of  cereals  1883  to  1887. 


Year. 


1883 

1884 i      108,  499 


1885 
1886 
1887 


Wheat. 

P  lour. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

60,  754 

4,844 

1     108, 499 

3,  743 

1       78, 493 

7,447  I 

37,  864 

5,262 

237,  865 

5,386 

Maize. 


Ions. 

18,634 
113, 710 
197,859 
231,  660 
361,456 


Cereal  exports. 


1888.                  1                   1889. 

1890. 

Crop. 

Quantity. 

Tons. 
178,928 
162,  037 

6,392 

Value.          Quantity. 

Value. 

Dollars. 
I,  596,  446 
12,  977,  720 
510,853 

Quantity. 

Tons. 
327,  894 
707,  282 

12,018 

V^alue 

Wheat 

Dollars. 
8,  248,  614 
5,  444,  464 
639,  254 

Tons. 
22,806 
432,  590 
3,360 

Dollars. 
9,  836,  824 
14,  145,  639 
600,  894 

Maize 

Flour 

The  exports  of  other  breadstufFs  in  1888  were  bran,  $33,132, 
and  barley,  $6,596,  and  these  exports  in  1889  were  as  follows: 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

Value. 

Value. 

Bran 

Dollars. 
69,  083 
7,818 
19,  567 

Dollars. 
28,  337 
13,871 
8,476 

Barley 

Biscuits  and  crackers 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


15 


DESTINATION    OF    EXPORTS. 


By  the  following  tables  the  destination  of  the  exports  of  wheat, 
flour,  and  maize  in  1889  are  shown  : 


Country. 


WHEAT 

German)'" 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Paraguay 

Great  Britain 

Uruguay 

Not  designated 

Total 

MAIZE. 

South  Africa 

Germany 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Chili , 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Holland 

Portugal 

Great  Britain 

Uruguay 

Not  designated 

Total 

FLOUR. 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Paraguay 

Great  Britain 

Uruguay 

All  others 

Total 


Quantity.        Value. 


Tons. 


637 

44,638 

2,  708 

189,  607 

4,209 

294,  685 

415 

29,  089 

685 

47.  963 

508 

35,572 

4.685 

327,  969 

3.500 

245.  209 

4.877 

341.  445 

582 

40,  269 

22,  806 


810 
19. 778 

21,  268 

99,  967 

583 
13,  962 

71.583 

27,  860 

2,294 

1,841 

[61,  III 

537 
10,  996 


432,590 


99 

7 

678 

21 
272 

32 
619 

28 
569 

35 


Dollars. 


I,  596,  446 


24,  329 

593,  352 

638,049 

2,  999,  028 

17.514 

418,888 

2,  147,  509 

835,  800 

68,  844 

55,247 

4,  863,  347 

16,  125 

299,  688 


[2,  977,  720 


15,097 

I,  160 

103,  088 

3,213 
41,482 

4,949 

94,  225 

4.316 

238,  565 
4,758 


3,360  i       510,853 


i6 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


In  the  city  of  Buenos  Aires  alone  there  are  twenty-three  steam 
flour  mills,  most  of  them  with  all  the  modern  and  improved 
machinery,  and  five  establishments  manufacture  crackers  of  an 
excellent  quality. 

EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  breadstuff  exports  from  the  United  States  to  the  Argentine 
in  1889,  1890,  and  1891  were  as  follows: 


1889. 

1890.                              1891. 

1 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit...  . 

.pounds 
.bushels 
...do.... 
...do.... 

5,082 

17,411 
1,786 

Dollars. 

410 

9.395 

734 

6,  460 

Dollars. 
521 

Dollars. 

Corn 

Oats 

Wheat 

76,005 

71,057 
823 

All  other  breadstuflfs  . 

952 



204 

Total 

11,491 



72,  401 

204 

BOLIVIA. 

While  the  territory  on  the  western  mountains  of  Bolivia  and  on 
the  pampas  is  either  barren  or  poor,  the  elevated  lands  in  the 
center  are  productive  and  the  valleys  and  lowlands  in  the  east  are 
of  unsurpassed  fertility. 

The  table-lands  of  the  departments  of  Cochabamba  and  Chu- 
quisaca  are  great  cereal-growing  regions  and  produce  corn  and 
wheat  in  quantities.  Barley  is  generally  grown  in  this  section,  and 
maize  is  also  raised  in  the  lowlands  of  the  east. 

Cochabamba  until  within  a  few  years  furnished  sufficient  flour 
for  the  consumption  of  the  country.  Notwithstanding  the  fer- 
tile lands  of  eastern  Bolivia,  the  rude  system  of  cultivation  made 
use  of  will  preclude  for  some  time  any  increase  in  the  agricultural 
production  of  this  Republic. 

No  agricultural  statistics  seem  to  have  been  officially  collated. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  I7 

and  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  mention  of  the  extent  of  surface 
devoted  to  the  growth  of  cereals  or  the  amount  harvested. 

The  present  exports  of  flour  from  the  United  States  to  Bolivia, 
are  inconsiderable,  not  exceeding  $150  in  any  one  year. 

BRAZIL. 

The  great  extent  and  varying  altitude  of  Brazil  allow  the  cul- 
tivation of  nearly  all  the  products  of  the  tropical  and  temperate 
zones  in  some  part  of  its  vast  territory.  While  the  methods  of 
cultivation  have  not  attained  to  the  perfection  of  Europe  and 
North  America,  great  strides  have  been  taken  in  late  years  toward 
this  goal  in  southern  Brazil,  and  each  year  the  improvement 
becomes  more  marked. 

There  are  districts  where  the  cultivation  of  all  the  cereals  can 
be  successfully  accomplished,  but  other  agricultural  industries 
have  caused  some  of  them  to  be  neglected. 

Indian  corn,  one  of  the  chief  crops,  is  grown  with  good  results 
in  nearly  every  state  of  the  country.  The  states  of  Sao  Paulo 
and  Minas  Geraes  produce  it  most  extensively.  Partly  by  reason 
of  the  lack  of  cheap  communication  with  the  interior  the  demand 
is  greater  than  the  home  supply,  and  the  seaboard  cities  usually 
require  the  import  of  corn  or  corn  meal  to  a  small  extent.  There 
appears  to  be  no  export  of  this  product, 

Mandioca,  a  plant  indigenous  to  Brazil,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  cultivated  by  the  natives  before  the  colonization  of  the  coun- 
try by  Europeans,  grows  abundantly  in  all  parts  of  the  territory 
Among  its  uses,  the  root  is  made  into  the  farinha,  a  coarse  meal, 
which  is  everywhere  a  substitute  for  wheat  flour,  although  pos- 
sessing much  less  nutritive  qualities.  About  twenty  million 
pounds  of  this  meal  are  received  at  Rio  alone.  The  State  of 
Santa  Catharina  excels  in  the  production  of  the  flour  of  manioc, 
the  yield  being  not  only  sufficient  for  its  consumption  but  for  ex- 
port to  othei  States,  and  the  supply  of  Rio  is  almost  entirely  drawn 

Bull.  35 2 


i8 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


from  this  source.  The  export  of  this  flour  for  four  years  is  stated 
below : 


Years. 


1883-84 
1884-85 
1885-86 
1886-87 


Quantity. 


Pounds. 

2,  605,  804 

3,  092,  505 
3,  216,  500 
5,011,680 


Value. 


Dollars. 
46,  869 
65,  566 
59.917 

70,  553 


CULTIVATION  OF  WHEAT  IN   BRAZIL- 

The  cultivation  of  wheat  in  many  of  the  provinces  of  Southern 
Brazil  was  as  early  as  1805  quite  an  important  industry,  and  in 
the  elevated  regions  of  the  Espirito  Santo,  and  Bahia  in  the 
north,  it  was  successfully  grown.  In  the  present  State  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  it  was  produced  quite  extensively  and  exported 
until  about  1820,  although  the  country  was  then  sparsely  settled. 
A  general  failure  of  crops  for  two  or  three  years  caused  the 
abandonment  of  its  cultivation.  It  is  claimed  that  the  soil  gener- 
ally of  this  State  is  adapted  to  wheat  growing. 

The  wheat  production  of  this  region  from  1805  to  1820,  is  in- 
dicated in  the  subjoined  table  extracted  from  a  work  written  in 
1822  by  Jose  Gon^alves  Chaves: 


Year. 


1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 


Quantity. 


Bushels. 
136,  825 
87.755 
140,  338 
257,  308 
154.038 
190.  545 
205,  534 
213,928 


Year. 


1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 


Quantity. 


Bushels. 
341,087 
270,  259 
288,447 
279,  621 
133.  359 
76,  395 
121,  542 
109,  608 


In  the   Northern  States  of  Brazil  lack  of  communication,  and 
the  secca  or  drought  which  occurs,  are  hindrances  to  agricultural 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  IQ 

developments.  In  the  Amazon  valley  the  culture  of  the  bread- 
stuffs  of  the  temperate  zones  does  not  succeed.  Wheat,  barley, 
oats,  and  rye  have  a  rank  growth,  but  produce  no  grain.  Indian 
corn  grows  abundantly,  but  it  is  used  for  food  only  in  times  of 
scarcity  by  reason  of  its  heating  qualities. 

While  wheat  has  been  grown  experimentally  as  far  north  as 
Pernambuco,  its  profitable  cultivation  seems  to  be  confined  to  the 
States  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Parana,  and  Santa  Catarina,  and 
perhaps  Sao  Paulo  and  Minas  Geraes,  where  it  is  stated  there  is 
good  wheat  land.  The  probabilities  are  that  only  a  comparatively 
small  area  of  this  great  country  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of  this 
product. 

The  raising  of  wheat,  laid  aside  or  neglected  for  more  produc- 
tive cultivation,  it  is  claimed  will  in  a  few  years  increase  rapidly. 
The  Government  has  offered  bounties  for  agricultural  products, 
and  to-day  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  raises  sufficient  of  this 
grain  to  supply  half  of  its  consumption.  Agriculture  in  this  State 
is  followed  chiefly  by  the  Italian  and  German  immigrants.  Four 
colonies  of  Italians,  located  northwest  of  Porto  Alegre,  raised,  in 
1884,  12,432,400  pounds  of  wheat,  and  they  now  grow  sufficient 
to  supply  the  demands  of  a  population  of  75,000.  Their  distance 
from  the  markets  and  the  lack  of  flour  mills,  only  one  of  which 
exists  in  the  State,  retard  the  immediate  development  of  wheat 
cultivation.  The  success  of  wheat  raising  in  Uruguay  and  the 
large  importations  of  flour  from  Montevideo  have  turned  attention 
to  this  industry  in  this  State,  where  the  soil  and  climate  are  similar. 

Until  within  a  few  years  milling  was  scarcely  known  in  Brazil, 
there  being  only  mills  of  small  account  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and 
other  provinces  for  grinding  corn  and  rye. 

Two  milling  companies,  one  Brazilian  and  one  English,  have 
recently  been  established  at  Rio  Janeiro.  These  companies  im- 
port wheat  from  the  River  Plate,  the  United  States,  Europe,  and 
elsewhere,  and  supply  40  per  cent  of  the  flour  consumed  at  Rio. 


20 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


IMPORTS    OF    FLOUR. 


The  importations  of  flour  into  Rio  in  1888  and   1889  were  as 
follows: 


Countries. 

1888. 

1889. 

United  States 

Barrels. 

266,  683 
31.648 
90.533. 
250 

Barrels. 
342,  741 

Trieste 

32,  642 

River  Plate                                  .  .          .            . .            

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

2,  450 

Total    

389,  114 

377.  833 

Notwithstanding  the  increased  consumption  of  1889  the  impor- 
tation was  1 1,281  barrels  less  than  the  previous  year.  The  Eng- 
lish company  imported  40,898  J  tons  of  wheat  in  the  grain  and 
placed  on  the  market  205,665  barrels  of  flour,  while  the  produc- 
tion of  the  Brazilian  company  was  29,681  barrels  and  417,031 
bags  of  various  weight.  The  output  of  these  mills  for  1890  was 
stated  to  be  325,314  and  216,830  barrels,  respectively. 

The  United  States  consul  at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  states  that  in 
1888  the  flour  imports  of  that  port  from  the  United  States 
declined  over  3,306,000  pounds  compared  with  1887,  and  that 
the  importations  of  this  article  from  Austria,  Chile,  Argentine,  and 
Uruguay,  also  fell  away,  dufe,  it  is  supposed,  to  the  importation 
of  wheat  which  was  ground  at  the  Rio  flour  mills. 

The  receipts  of  wheat  flour  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  four  years 
from  the  United  States  and  the  River  Plate  were : 


Year. 


River  Plate. 


United 
States. 


1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 


Barrels. 
70,  101 

63,  871 
88,  280 


Barrels. 
307,  625 
328,  804 
267,  658 
344,  108 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


21 


A  partial  failure  of  the  Argentine  wheat  crop  accounts  for  the 
lack  of  importation  of  flour  from  that  country  in  1889,  and  the 
increase  in  the  United  States  imports,  but  the  added  importations 
from  the  two  countries  in  1889  ^^^^  below  those  of  1888. 

At  Pelotas,  in  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  there  is  also  a 
flour  mill  for  which  wheat  is  imported.  Its  first  consignment  of 
American  wheat  was  received  in  October,  1889,  consisting  of 
1 1 ,600  bushels. 

IMPORTS    OF    WHEAT. 

At  the  port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1 888  the  importations  of  wheat 
were  29,041,145  pounds;  value  $287,698,  and  of  wheat  flour 
73,385,402  pounds,  amounting  to  $1,938,658. 

EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED  STATES. 

In  1889,  1890,  and  1891  the  United  States  supplied  bread- 
stuffs  to  Brazil  as  follows: 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit,  pounds. 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrrels .  . 

Oats bushels.  . 

Wheat bushels.  . 

Wheat  flour barrels.  . 

All  other  breadstuffs 

149,  764 

51,152 

869 

475 

415.  507 

678,972 

Dollars. 
11,968 

25,  783 
2,571 

210 

384, 337 
3,651,908 

26,  274 

122,327 

38,  985 

179 

35 

I,  768,  234 

687,  342 

Dollars. 
8,051 
19,094 

513 

10 

1,616,  158 

3,  304,  900 
24,  840 

180,  310 

10,  341 

23 

449 

580,  127 

722,  379 

Dollars. 
9.796 
8,451 
92 

279 
501,  207 

3,838,919 

Total     

4,  103,  051 

4.  973,  656 

4,  386,  121 

CHILE. 


The  agricultural  zone  of  Chile  extends  from  the  island  of 
Chiloe  north  through  the  great  central  valley ;  the  soil  is  generally- 
good  and  well  watered,  and  often  prodigiously  fertile,  and  the  cli- 
mate genial  with  abundant  rains  as  the  latitude  increases.  All  cli- 
matic conditions  exist  in  this  country.  Irrigation  is  necessary  in 
most  of  the  coast  districts,  and  their  methods  in  this  respect  are 


22  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

fairly  skillful.  A  lack  of  rain  in  the  extreme  north  and  an  excess 
of  moisture  and  rainfall  in  the  south  are  hindrances  to  the  culti- 
vation of  those  regions.  This  agricultural  section  contains  about 
43,417,600  acres,  or  about  23  per  cent  of  the  Republic. 

The  soil  is  here  so  extremely  fertile  that  agriculture  is  very 
profitable;  the  wheat  yields  are  generally  enormous,  and  corn 
and  barley  are  among  the  other  principal  products.  Rye  and  oats 
may  be  successfully  cultivated,  but  very  little  of  them  is  grown. 

The  system  of  cultivation  was  until  recently  quite  rude,  and 
even  now  the  improved  methods  of  modern  farming  are  little  used 
except  on  the  large  estates  or  on  the  coast. 

The  land  has  hitherto  been  generally  owned  in  large  holdings, 
but  the  abolition  of  the  law  of  primogeniture  has  greatly  increased 
the  number  of  the  smaller  farms. 

According  to  the  census  of  1875  there  were  produced  in  Chile 
12,628,847  bushels  of  wheat,  2,841,150  of  barley  and  4,854,21 1 
of  corn;  the  harvest  of  rye  was  1 1,783  bushels.  This  was  in  the 
year  1874,  and  an  official  estimate  (1890)  gives  the  present  an- 
nual production  at  10,000,000  hectoliters  (about  28,379,000 
bushels)  of  wheat,  and  3,000,000  hectoliters  (or  8,513,700  bushels) 
of  all  other  cereals.  There  are  a  number  of  flour  mills  in  Chile, 
and  their  production  has  not  only  supplied  the  requirements  of 
the  country,  but  enabled  it  at  one  time  to  export  considerable 
quantities  made  from  wheat  grown  there.  A  failure  to  adopt  the 
improved  methods  of  flour  milling,  with  other  causes,  has  lead  to 
a  decrease  in  the  output  of  this  industry.  The  National  Society  of 
Agriculture  states  the  flour  exports  for  five  years,  frofn  1 864  to  1 868, 
to  be  2,009,845  quintals,  and  for  the  five  years,  1884  to  1888,  to 
have  amounted  only  to  253,891  quintals,  equivalent  to  2,260,685 
barrels  and  285,576  barrels  respectively. 

EXPORTS     OF    BREADSTUFFS. 

Chile  at  one  time  exported  grain  to  California,  and  was  a  con- 
siderable exporter  of  this  article  to  other  countries. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  2^ 

In  1880  its  exports  of  wheat  to  France  were  in  value  $2, 1 26,000, 
and  it  exported  to  Great  Britain  as  follows : 


Articles. 


1879. 


1880. 


Wheat 

Barley 

Wheat  meal  and  flour 


$3,  760,  000 
112,000 
247,000 


$3,  575, 000 
491,  000 
311,  OOt) 


The  statistics  of  Great  Britain  give  its  imports  of  breadstufFs 
from  Chile  for  five  years,  1885  to  1889,  as  below. 


Ypar 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Wheat  meal  and  flour. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

1885 

Cwts. 
I,  622,  852 

1,  701,  695 

2,  206,  272 
1,485,861 

572,953 

Dollars. 
3.  109,  543 

3,  102,  442 

4,  070,  968 
2,777,287 
I,  100,  389 

Cwts. 
152,583 
165,  338 

73,081 
326,  792 
297,051 

Dollars. 
273,  682 
295,  625 
132,  340 
569,  381 
501,415 

Cwts. 
13 
3.822 
3.500 

Dollars. 

39 
8,  103 
9.368 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

IMPORTS     AND     EXPORTS. 


Chile's  commerce  in  breadstufFs  for  the  years  1888  and  1889  is 
indicated  In  the  table  annexed. 


Articles. 


Imports. 


Barley  (pearl). 
Crackers  (fine) 
Corn  meal . . . 

Oatmeal 

Wheat 


1888. 


Quantity. 


Pounds. 
35.871 
38,  150 
13,  227 

35.435 
3,480 


Exports. 


Barley. .  . , 

Flour  (superfine) 

Maize 

Wheat 


Value. 


Dollars, 

1.939 

8,691 

900 

2,437 
79 


1889. 


Quantity. 


Pounds. 
44,  626 
77.  846 
17,403 
37,800 
3,  562,  980 


53, 484. 718 

773,  477 

0,  950, 

118 

235,  496 

90, 

763 

1.234 

204,  775, 

256 

4.  548,  729 

15,315,453 

6,  923,  490 

258,655 

109,  559,  640 


Value. 


Dollars. 

17,710 

I.  341 

2,601 

130,  366 


236,  199 

282,  639 

4,692 

2,915.215 


24 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


The  wheat  imported  in  1889  ^^^^  ^rom  the  United  States. 
The  exportation  of  barley  was  almost  entirely  to  Great  Britain, 
of  flour  principally  to  South  America,  and  of  wheat  to  Great  Britain 
and  South  America. 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

BreadstufFs  were  imported  into  Chile  from  the  United  States 
in  the  fiscal  years  1889,  1890,  and  1891  as  follows: 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley 

.bushels.  • 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

25,  288 
6,  650 

1.073 
1, 100 

45.  134 
II,  607 

Dollars. 
18,607 

331 

946 

60 

Bread  and  biscuit .  • . 
Corn 

.pounds. . 
.bushels. . 

I,  500 

165 

I,  500 

75 

Oatmeal 

.pounds. . 

Wheat 

Wheat  flour 

All  other  breadstufFs 

•  bushels. . 
.  .barrels. . 

22,  707 
145 

200,  147 
789 
245 

27.  592 
340 

23.  177 

1.546 

660 

41.  342 

55.  726 
969 



Total 

201,  346 



25.458 

117,441 

COSTA    RICA. 

Maize  is  the  chief  cereal  product  of  Costa  Rica.  It  grows 
abundantly  in  all  parts  of  the  Republic  and  is  a  staple  article  of 
food.  Its  production  in  1884  was  724,439  bushels,  and  in  1888 
the  yield  of  maize  throughout  the  country  amounted  to  696,556 
bushels  from  a  planting  of  1 2,648  bushels,  a  return  of  ^^  for  1 .  This 
crop  is  principally  grown  for  home  consumption,  and  in  good 
seasons  sufficient  is  harvested  for  this  demand. 

The  cultivation  of  wheat  is  now  almost  discontinued.  It  was 
once  quite  an  important  industry,  and  in  i860  filled  the  wants  of 
the  country.  At  present  it  is  raised  in  a  few  places  only  and  in 
small  quantities,  entirely  insufficient  for  the  country's  require- 
ments. The  low  price  of  the  flour  imported  from  California  and 
the  greater  return  to  be  had  from  coflfee-raising  have  discouraged 
the  growing  of  wheat,  and  many  sections  of  the  country  are  not 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


25 


supposed  to  be  adapted  to  its  cultivation  In  1884  the  wheat 
harvest  amounted  to  4,129  bushels;  the  returns  for  the  year  1888 
were  only  791  bushels. 

In  1888  a  steam  flour  mill,  belonging  to  a  foreign  company^ 
situated  in  San  Jose,  was  the  only  one  in  the  State,  and  in  this 
year  about  10,000  bushels  of  wheat  were  imported  for  it.  In 
addition,  about  25,000  barrels  of  flour  were  brought  into  the 
country. 

In  1883  only  a  small  quantity  of  wheat  flour  was  imported,  but 
in  1889,  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  below,  this  importation  had  grown  to  con- 
siderable proportions. 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED     STATES. 

The  exports  of  breadstufFs  from   the   United  States   to  Costa 
Rica  in  1889,  1890,  and  1891,  were  as  follows: 


Articles. 


Bread  and  biscuit pounds. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Oatmeal pounds .  . 

Wheat bushels. . 

Wheat  flour barrels.  . 

All  other  breadstuffs 


Total , 


1889. 


Quantity.      Value 


73,  347 

2,324 

58 

265 

1,480 

21,  024 

32,  254 


$4,358 

1,384 

173 

108 

47 
22,  638 

[53,787 
3,223 


:85,7i8 


1890. 


Quantity.     Value 


89,  578 

65,  384 

174 

20 

2,  000 

21,  000 

37,  148 


$4,075 

36,  985 

476 

8 

97 

18,  782 

167,051 

4,594 


231,968 


1891. 


Quantity.     Value, 


71,405 

5,045 

80 

1,389 

1,958 

24,  802 

39,  131 


$3,622 

3,331 

262 

761 

83 

27,  850 

177,681 

7,618 


216,  771 


ECUADOR. 

The  agricultural  portion  of  Ecuador  is  in  the  interior,  and  in 
the  settled  parts  is  cut  up  into  small  farms,  divisions  of  the  hacien- 
das, owned  in  large  tracts  by  the  wealthy.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile,  and  the  climatic  conditions  permit  the  cultivation  of  many 
products.  The  cultivation  of  the  land  is  carried  on  in  a  primitive 
way,  and  the  tenants  or  farmers  in  the  interior  are  usually  of  the 
Indian  population. 


26 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Wheat,  barley,  rye,  Indian  corn,  and  other  cereals  are  produced 
and  yield  abundantly.  Wheat,  however,  is  not  a  staple  article  of 
food,  the  people  depending  almost  entirely  upon  maize,  barley, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  area  devoted  to  wheat  is  about  35^,000  to 
40,000  acres. 

No  statement  of  the  cereal  production  of  Ecuador  seems  to 
have  been  given  out,  but  it  apparently  is  not  entirely  sufficient  for 
the  country's  demand,  as,  while  there  are  no  exports  of  wheat  and 
flour,  the  latter  is  imported  in  considerable  quantities  from  Chile 
and  also  from  California.  There  were  in  1886  some  six  or  seven 
water-power  flour  mills,  with  modern  machinery,  in  Ecuador. 

The  output  of  the  mills  in  three  of  the  departments  of  the  State 
in  1886  was  15,784,936  pounds,  which,  it  is  estimated,  represented 
about  one-half  the  production  of  the  country. 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

BreadstufFs  in  quantity  and  value  as  follows  were  exported  from 
the  United  States  to  Ecuador  in  1889,  1890,  and  1891: 


Articles. 

1889.                             1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit,  pounds 

W^heat  flour  barrels.            

11.394 
13.  936 

Dollars. 

1,000 
63.  578 

I,  691 

17,535 
31,036 

Dollars. 
1,051 

130,  573 
3,  062 

10,300 
35,  loi 

Dollars. 

567 

157,092 

1,450 

All  other  breadstuffs 

Total       

66,  269 



134, 692 



159.  109 

GUATEMALA. 

The  soil  of  Guatemala  produces  barley,  corn,  oats,  and  wheat. 
Agriculture  has  developed  considerably,  nevertheless  the  produc- 
tion of  cereals  is  as  yet  insufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  people. 
Wheat  of  a  superior  quality  is  grown  in  several  departments  of 
the  Republic.  There  exist  large  tracts  of  uncultivated  land  well 
suited    for  the  culture    of  this    cereal.     The    quantity  of  wheat 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


27 


produced,  however,  falls  far  below  the  home  consumption,  and  the 
annual  importations  amount  to  six  to  eight  million  pounds  of 
fiour  from  the  north,  besides  440,000  pounds  of  wheat. 

Almost  all  the  departments  of  the  country  yield  large  harvests 
of  corn,  and  in  good  seasons  sufficient  is  harvested  for  the  local 
demand. 

The  annual  average  agricultural  production  from  official  figures 
is  of — 

Pounds. 

Barley 660,000 

Oats 660,000 

Corn 220,460,000 

Wheat 44,092,000 

There  are  79  flour  mills  in  the  country,  several  being  situated 
in  the  department  of  Chimaltenango,  and  this  industry  is  fostered 
by  the  Government,  which  in  1888  granted  a  subsidy  of  $8,000 
to  the  mill  situated  in  the  department  of  Santa  Rosa,  as  it  had 
previously  to  that  of  Tecpam. 

There  was  included  in  the  fiscal  budget  of  1889  an  item  of 
$20,000,  which  was  intended  to  be  devoted  by  the  Government 
to  the  erection  of  two  flour  mills,  one  in  the  department  of  Chi- 
quimula  and  the  other  in  Jalapa,  in  both  of  which  departments 
wheat  of  a  superior  quality  is  produced  on  a  small  scale. 

In  the  year  1887  $1,322,488  worth  of  flour  was  consumed  in 
Guatemala,  of  the  weight  of  16,444,688  pounds,  or  11.8  pounds 
per  inhabitant.  Of  this  amount  7,169,645  pounds  were  foreign 
flour,  and  9,275,043  pounds  the  production  of  the  country. 

The  Guatemalan  official  statistics  give  the  importations  of 
wheat,  flour,  and  barley  for  the  years  1887  and  1888  as  follows : 


Articles. 

1887. 

1888. 

Wheat 

Dollars. 
12,979.44 
118,937.75 
6,  823.  97 

Dollars. 
26,  724.  27 
161,  427.  20 

7,  854.  20 

Flour 

Barley ..      .. 

28 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  exports  of  breadstufFs  in   1889,  1890,  and  1891,  from  the 
United  States  to  Guatemala  were : 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

249 

38,  374 

6,732 

14 

Value. 

Dollars. 

116 

3,018 

5,064 

46 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley,  bushels 

I,  001 

43.  054 

4,365 

5 
381 

Dollars. 

460 

3,170 

2,647 

18 

194 

307 

76,  198 

47,  283 

66 

406 

Dollars. 

179 

5,184 

136,  090 

Bread  and  biscuit,  pounds 

Corn,  bushels 

Corn  meal,  barrels 

Oats   bushels.      .                  .    . 

258 

Oatmeal,  pounds 

300 

30,  355 
43,  073 

9 

26,  748 

195,  172 

8,094 

Wheat,  bushels 

32,300 
47,  109 

26,  403 
202,  411 

8  286 

33,055 

62,  528 

30,  802 

280,  225 

12,625 

Wheat  flour   barrels.      . . 

All  other  breadstufFs  etc 

Total 

238,  267 

243,  589 



465,  575 

GUIANA  (BRITISH). 

Indian  corn  is  cultivated  to  a  small  extent  in  British  Guiana, 
and  among  the  exports  of  this  article  in  1889,  3,039  bushels  were 
grown  in  that  country.  Its  chief  food  product  is  the  manioc,  from 
which  the  meal  is  made  which  furnishes  the  staple  aliment  of  the 
Indian  population.  The  country  is  generally  dependent  upon 
foreign  importation  for  its  breadstufFs,  and  in  four  years — from 
1887  ^^  1890 — these  articles  have  been  introduced  into  the  country 
as  follows : 


Articles. 

1887. 

1888. 

18.V9.                              1890. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread,  etc., 
pounds 

Corn, bushels, 

Corn  and  oat- 
meal, pou'ds. 

Flour,barrels. 

845,  926 
34,619 

I,  798,  280 
142, 210 

i 
Dollars,  j 

35,781       627,480 
20,  557        27,  549 

30,2641,433,696 
543,  995      147,  946 

Dollars. 
29,  049 

18,  175 

25,911 

547,  501 

236,  614 
33,419 

1,272,872 
165,939 

Dollars. 
17,  163 
17,537 

19,  820 

666,  223 

355,670 
40,  858 

I,  247,  974 
160,  465 

Dollars. 
25,427 
24,  693 

20,004 
647,  861 

The  United  States  is  the  source  of  supply  of  the  great  bulk  of 
these  imports,  a  small  proportion  of  which  are  exported  subse- 
quently to  the  other  Guianas  and  the  West  India  Islands. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


29 


In  1889,  1890,  and  1891,  breadstuffs  as  follows  were  exported 
from  the  United  States  to  British  Guiana: 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

21 

99.409 

35.  694 

6,034 

38.  260 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value 

Barley bushels. . 

Bread  and  biscuit pounds.  . 

Corn bushels.  . 

Corn  meal   barrels.  . 

42 

237,357 

29,  564 

5.649 

5.109 

8,620 

Dollars. 

73 

10,094 

16,  449 

17.968 

2.193 

153 

Dollars. 
28 
5.412 
18,  238 
16,  722 
14.  843 

Dollars. 

300,  655 

45.  896 

7,367 

II,  000 

14,  802 

30,  382 

24.  361 

5.376 

Oats bushels.  . 

Oatmeal pounds. . 

20 
171,012 

20 

673.  949 
4,860 

Wheat  flour barrels.. 

All  nthf*r   hrpaH^tiifF^    ptp 

119,012 

540,  132 
7.179 

147,  002 

704.  264 

5.554 

Total     

594.  241 

734.  072 



784,  739 

GUIANA  (DUTCH). 

As  in  the  other  Guianas  a  maize  is  grown  in  Dutch  Guiana  to 
some  extent  and  manioc  furnishes  a  staple  article  of  aliment  for 
the  inhabitants. 

No  statistics  of  the  country  are  at  hand  to  show  its  productions 
or  imports  of  breadstuffs,  and  information  as  to  the  condition  of 
agriculture  there  is  difficult  to  be  had. 

EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Breadstuffs  exported  from  the  United  States  to  Dutch  Guiana 
for  1889,  1890,  and  1891,  were  as  set  forth  in  the  table  annexed: 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit. . .  .pounds. . 

Corn bushels.  . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuffs 

52,  006 

195 

60 

230 

II,  212, 

Dollars. 

1,945 

113 

199 

85 
55,666 

115 

46,  160 

40 

84 

560 

12,  505 

Dollars. 

1,614 

22 

226 

217 

56,  394 
291 

54.  097 
470 
149 

435 
13.  803 

Dollars. 
2,  269 
360 

543 
268 

71,749 
739 

Total 

58,  123 

58,  764 



75.928 

3o 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


GUIANA  (FRENCH.) 

The  soil  of  French  Guiana  is  of  very  great  fertility.  The  sta- 
ple article  of  food  is  the  manioc,  and  maize  is  cultivated  to  some 
extent  but  no  data  are  accessible  to  show  the  area  devoted  to  their 
culture  or  the  amount  of  the  yield. 

In  the  year  1888  the  colony  imported  breadstuffs  as  follows: 


Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Wheat  flour 

Corn 

pounds. . 

do 

5,  348,  122 
289,  729 

Dollars. 

170,465 

5,236 

890 

736 

9,284 

5,387 

Corn  meal    .        ... 

do 

Barley 

do 

Oats 

do 

363,  030 
94,411 

Bread  and  ship  biscuit. . 

do.... 

EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

In  1889,  1890,  and  1891  the  United  States  export  of  bread- 
stuffs  to  this  colony  were  : 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit pounds. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal  -. barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Oatmeal pounds .  . 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuffs,  etc 

7,098 

I,  631 

14 

688 
360 

5,181 

Dollars. 

982 

46 

315 

14 

25,  240 

1,015 

13,  647 

3,114 

12 

791 

Dollars. 

893 

I,  761 

38 
337 

13,090 

3,181 
121 

828 

Dollars. 
733 
2,  310 

385 
536 

4,704 


22,  148 
5,005 

4.302 

21,  296 

3,806 

Total 

27,  939 

30,  182 

29,  066 

HAITI, 


The  soil  of  Haiti  is  of  exceeding  fertility.     Agriculture,  how- 
ever, is  in  a  very  rudimentary  stage.     Maize  is  easily  raised,  and 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


3» 


three  crops  of  this  cereal  can  be  grown  in  a  year.     No  statement 
of  its  commerce  in  breadstuffs  or  their  production  is  obtainable. 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The   United  States  in  1889,  1890,  and  1891  furnished  Haiti 
with  breadstuffs  as  in  the  following  table : 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit. .  .pounds.  , 

Corn bushels.  . 

Corn  meal barrels.  . 

Oats bushels.. 

Rye  flour barrels. . 

Wheat  flour do.  . . . 

All  other  breadstuffs 

416,  667 

1.933 

103 

3.726 

2 

154.  636 

Dollars. 

24,  298 

1,036 

302 

1.599 

8 

787,919 

3.732 

476,  313 

8,441 

129 

7.617 

Dollars. 

29.551 

4.276 

346 

2,988 



467,630 

7.290 

220 

9,984 

Dollars. 

28,  562 

4.708 

801 

5.396 

167,  740 


777.  974 
5.096 

224,  938 

I,  180,871 
3.333 

Total 

818,  894 



820,  231    

I,  223,671 

HONDURAS  (BRITISH). 

In  British  Honduras  maize  seems  to  be  the  only  cereal  culti° 
vated  to  any  extent.  It  is  the  staple  food  of  the  Spanish  popu- 
lation and  the  Indians,  and  the  area  of  land  devoted  to  its  cultiva- 
tion, 7,000  acres  in  1889,  is  greater  than  that  occupied  by  any 
other  product.  Notwithstanding  the  rude  manner  of  agriculture 
still  prevailing  in  this  country,  the  average  yield  is  almost  56 
bushels  to  the  acre.  Incomplete  official  returns,  which  are  not 
accurate,  however,  give  the  harvest  of  1889  at  100,451  bushels. 
The  whole  production  is  consumed  in  the  colony,  there  at  present 
being  no  export  of  this  article.  In  1889  there  were  imported 
13,739  barrels  of  wheat  flour,  13,736  of  United  States  origin,  of 
the  value  of  $87,414;  bread,  etc.,  $5,942,  and  Indian  corn  $2,328. 


32 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


EXPORTS    FROM     THE    UNITED     STATES. 

The  exports  from  the  United  States  to  this  colony  in  1889, 
1890,  and  1891  were  as  below: 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Dollars. 

2,819 

1,530 

710 

100 

Quantity. 

151.  371 

2,315 

89 

268 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit pounds. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels . . 

Wheat do 

78,  802 

2.578 

352 

256 

2 

13.  465 

Dollars. 

3.715 

1,467 

1,103 

120 

2 

66,  226 

1.737 

57,578 

3.054 

233 

257 

Dollars. 

7.679 

I,  306 

340 

133 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuflfs 

10,  988 

48,  929 
1,976 

15,625 

76,  620 
3.003 

Total 

74,  370 

56,  064 

89,  090 

HONDURAS. 

The  soil  of  Honduras  is  fertile,  and  the  lands  in  the  valleys 
and  along  the  rivers  very  rich.  The  system  of  agriculture  is  yet 
in  its  infancy,  and  primitive  methods  are  employed  in  cultivation. 
Although  almost  all  the  agricultural  products  of  the  United 
States  can  be  grown  among  the  cereals,  corn  only  is  cultivated  to 
any  extent,  and  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  the  others  except  rice. 
From  the  little  care  taken  in  its  cultivation  the  corn  ear  is  gener- 
ally small  and  imperfect.  Corn  as  an  article  of  food  is  utilized 
in  the  making  of  "  tortillas,"  and  but  little  corn  meal  is  used. 

No  statistics  of  the  country  are  collected  to  indicate  the  yield 
or  value  of  the  farm  products. 

The  imports  of  breadstufFs  into  the  Republic  in  the  years 
1887-88  were:  oats,  1,356  pounds;  flour,  2,396,149  pounds,  and 
corn  103,764  pounds. 

In  1888-89,  flour,  valued  at  $62,289,  weighing  2,348,206 
pounds,  and  99,805  pounds  of  corn,  valued  at  $1,617,  ^^^^  ™' 
ported. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


33 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED     STATES. 

In  i88g,  1890,  and  1891  the  United  States  exported  to  Hon- 
duras breadstufFs  as  indicated  in  the  following  table : 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Dollars. 

2 

1,500 

1.483 

285 

215 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley bushels. . 

Bread  and  biscuit .  .  .  .pounds. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Oatmeal pounds. . 

Rye  flour barrels. . 

Wheat  flour do 

4 

47,556 

2,294 

135 

45 

1.369 

6 

13.  368 

Dollars. 

2 

2,517 

1,376 

376 

21 

43 

35 

66,  032 

2,369 

4 

24,  272 

3,  140 

105 

615 

38,816* 
4,  454 
23 

281 

Dollars. 

2,  100 

3.148 

73 

155 

12,  130 

56,  263 
1,282 

18,822 

89,  488 
I.  317 

Total 

12,111 

61,  030 

96,  281 

MEXICO. 

Mexico  is  making  great  strides  in  the  production  of  cereals. 
With  a  large  area  adapted  to  their  cultivation,  the  progress  in  rail- 
way transportation  and  a  partial  advancement  in  agricultural 
methods,  have  given  impetus  to  this  industry.  The  cultivation 
of  the  soil,  however,  is  still  largely  carried  on  in  a  very  primitive 
way,  and  the  improvement  in  this  respect  is  not  great,  considering 
the  facilities  for  obtaining  modern  implements. 

Indian  corn  or  maize  is  the  staple  grain  of  the  country,  and  is 
produced  in  large  quantities  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Republic. 
It  serves  equally  for  the  nourishment  of  men  and  animals,  and  is 
generally  used  by  Mexicans,  as  a  bread,  in  the  form  of  a  cake 
called  the  "  tortilla^  The  necessities  of  the  people  alone  limit  its 
production,  the  exports  being  inconsiderable.  During  a  period  of 
twelve  years,  from  1877  to  1888,  the  total  value  of  maize  exported 
was  only  $255,000,  an  averageof  about  $2 1,250  per  annum. 
Bull  35 3 


34  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

THE  PRODUCTION  OF  WHEAT. 

The  production  of  wheat,  which  can  only  be  successfully- 
grown  in  the  colder  and  in  some  parts  of  the  temperate  regions, 
is  much  less  than  that  of  maize.  Although  it  is  raised  in  smaller 
or  greater  quantities  in  all  the  States  with  a  few  exceptions,  the 
superior  qualities  equal  to  the  best  European  or  American  wheat, 
are  only  grown  on  the  tablelands  several  thousand  feet  above  the 
sea.  An  area  of  over  52,000  square  miles,  situated  in  the  States 
of  IVJichoacan,  Jalisco,  Guanajuato,  Aguas  Calientes,  San  Luis 
Potosi  and  Queretaro,  is  best  adapted  for  the  growth  of  the 
cereals.  The  possibilities  of  the  wheat  production  are  such  that  it 
could  be  made  one  of  the  leading  exports  by  the  application  of 
the  advanced  systems  of  cultivation  and  modern  implements. 

A  moderate  estimate  places  the  possible  production  of  the  area 
mentioned,  cultivated  to  its  fullest  capacity,  at  1 10,000,000  bush- 
els of  wheat  and  440,000,000  bushels  of  corn  per  year,  all  of 
which  could  be  made  available  for  export,  the  balance  of  the  land 
adapted  for  the  purpose  being  sufficient  to  meet  the  demands  of 
the  home  market. 

To  encourage  the  cultivation  and  export  of  wheat,  the  State  of 
Sonora,  in  1888,  offered  a  premium  of  $1  per  ton  for  all  wheat 
exported.  The  experiment  was  tried  with  good  results,  and  dur- 
ing a  period  of  six  months  over  1,000  tons  were  shipped  to  Europe. 

A  low  estimate  places  the  yield  of  wheat  per  acre  at  about  20 
bushels  on  the  average,  and  the  corn  return  at  about  50  bushels 
on  the  irrigated  and  30  on  the  dry  soils. 

As  shown  by  official  statistics  the  total  yield  of  the  following 
cereals  during  the  year  1888  in  the  Republic  was: 

Bushels. 

Barley 5,  930,  716 

Wheat II,  396,  195 

Maize 131,  478,  42s 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


35 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

United  States  statistics  give  the  export  of  corn  and  of  wheat 
flour  to  Mexico  for  five  years  as  follows: 


Year. 


1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
189I 


Corn. 

Wheat  flour. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

I,  263,  953 

18,  780 

894,  496 

23,218 

216,  468 

24,  252 

434.  997 

32,  114 

961,458 

31,  lOI 

615,332 

37,  584 

In    1889,    1890,  and    1891,  the    breadstuff  exports    from   the 
United  States  to  Mexico  were : 


Articles. 


Barley bushels. 

Bread  and  biscuits. .  .pounds. 

Corn bushels . 

Corn  meal barrels . 

Oats bushels. 

Oat  meal pounds. 

Rye bushels. 

Rye  flour barrels. 

Wheat bushels. 

Wheat  flour. barrels. 

All  other  breadstuff's 


Total 


1889. 


Quantity.!     \'alue. 


6,  880  I 

557,657  I 

434,997 

799  ! 

6,  582  i 

10,  828  ! 

37 

70 

2,  280 

32,  114 


Dollars. 
3,487 

49,  no 

194,  778 

2,447 
2,  762 

464 

36 

245 

2,428 

183,318 

27,007 


I466,  082 


1890. 


Quantity.     Value 


3,164 
769,  337 
961,  458 

I,  202 

19,  335 
17,  642 


93 

2,  327 

31,  lOI 


Dollars. 
1,428 

53,  245 

481,052 

3,301 

8,065 

704 


378 

2,279 

164,  490 

33,  876 


748,  8] 


1891. 


Quantity.      Value. 


402 

846,  025 

615,332 

2,  256 

14,  397 
13,812 


334 

7,509 

37,  584 


Dollars. 

52,  623 
389,  619 

8,  190 

6,481 
721 


1,376 

9,507 

203,  792 

56,051 


728, 636 


NICARAGUA. 

In  Nicaragua  the  natural  resources  are  very  great.  Only  a 
relatively  small  part  of  the  land  has  been  brought  under  culti- 
vation, but  it  is  ample  to  supply  the  sparsely  populated  country. 
As  the  forests  are  easily  cleared  the  cultivated  area  could  be 
increased  immensely  and  the  soil  found  to  be  of  great  fertility. 

Maize  grows  luxuriantly  and  two  or  three  crops  may  be  raised 


36 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


on  the  same  ground  annually.  It  is,  as  in  the  rest  of  Central 
America,  one  of  the  chief  articles  of  food  of  the  people. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic,  on  the  elevated  regions 
of  the  district  of  Segovia,  near  the  borders  of  Honduras,  wheat 
and  all  other  cereals  can  be  grown. 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  obtain  information  as  to  the  agricul- 
tural products  of  this  Republic,  but  the  yield  of  cereals  is  very 
limited. 

EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  tabular  statement  below  gives  the  exports  from  the  United 
States  to  Nicaragua  for  the  years  1889,  1890,  and  1891  : 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley 

Bread  and  biscuit.  .  . 

Corn 

Corn  meal 

Oats 

Oatmeal 

Rye  flour 

Wheat  flour 

.bushels. . 
.pounds. . 
.bushels. . 
.barrels. . 
.bushels. . 
.pounds. . 

3 

154.036 

4,609 

44 

208 

630 

Dollars. 

7 

8,803 

2,  702 

130 

95 

32 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

208,  785 

4.369 

46 

51 

455 

2 

24.  841 

11.372 

2,  203 

140 

21 

24 

6 

115. 154 
4.303 

210,  927 

9.124 

129 

352 

536 

II,  630 

6,  721 

376 

210 

26 

...do.... 
etc 

24.  15O' 

119.  919 
4,842 

32,  507 

153.  244 
7.669 

Total 

136.  530 



133.  223 

179,  876 

PARAGUAY. 


With  favorable  physical  conditions  and  climate  the  products  of 
the  tropical  and  temperate  zones  flourish  in  Paraguay. 

The  cereals  are  cultivated  almost  entirely  for  the  consumption 
of  the  country.  Among  the  products  of  the  soil  are  maize,  man- 
dioca,  and  barley,  and  in  1886  the  sowing  was  3,233,708  rows  of 
maize,  2,279,634  of  mandioca,  and  5,618  of  barley.  Maize  grows 
easily  and  produces  abundantly,  and  two  harvests  of  it  could  be 
raised  annually ;  it  is  not  generally  done,  as  this  people  only  raise 
sufficient  for  their  use.  The  easy  culture  and  the  good  results 
obtained  seem  to  have  influenced  the  cultivation  of  this  cereal. 
In  1863,  with  a  population  of  800,000,  there  were  only  14,607 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


37 


acres  cultivated,  and  in  1886,  with  378,000  people,  the  area  sown 
was  29,965  acres. 

Manioc,  growing  all  the  year  round,  is  used  for  making  bread 
by  most  of  the  people.  The  area  devoted  to  its  cultivation,  how- 
ever, is  decreasing.  In  1863  it  was  Ji,579  acres;  in  1886  it  was 
only  2 1 , 1 50  acres.  The  acreage  of  corn,  wheat,  and  barley  in  the 
Republic  in  1882  was,  according  to  a  report  of  a  United  States 
consul,  210,000  acres,  and  of  mandioca,  125,700;  but  these  fig- 
ures do  not  seem  to  agree  with  other  statements,  official  and  other- 
wise. 

The  raising  of  wheat  would  be  a  new  source  of  wealth  for  this 
country.  Experiments  made  in  the  time  of  Lopez  clearly  showed 
the  profitable  results  of  its  cultivation,  and  it  is  stated  that  at  one 
time  wheat  was  exported  from  Paraguay  to  Buenos  Ayres. 

By  reason  of  the  bad  system  of  agriculture  and  the  deterioration 
of  the  seed,  wheat-growing  has  now  almost  ceased.  It  has  for  some 
years  been  imported,  and  several  flour  mills  have  been  established 
at  Asuncion  with  good  results.  In  1886  the  importation  of  wheat 
was  4,667,623  pounds,  and  in  1887,  4,185,585  pounds.  The 
receipts  of  foreign  flour  have  decreased  considerably.  In  1886  only 
383,990  pounds  were  imported.  The  good  quality  of  the  Par- 
aguayan flour  has  even  procured  custom  outside  of  the  Republic, 
and  in  1887  there  was  exported  through  the  custom-house  at 
Asuncion  169,754  pounds  of  flour  for  Matto  Grosso. 

In  1888  the  amount  of  flour  manufactured  was  5,229,358 
pounds. 

The  imports  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour  through  the  Asuncion 
custom-house  were  as  follows  for  five  years : 


Articles. 

1888. 

1884. 

1885. 

1886. 

( 

1887. 

Wheat 

Pounds: 

877 
2,  176,  928 

Pounds. 

64 
2,  047,  456 

Pounds. 

Pounds'. 
4,  667,  623 
383,  990 

Pounds. 

4.185,585 
1,338,862 

Wheat  flour 

I,  908,  418 

None  of  these  imports  into  Paraguay  are  of  United  States  origin. 


38  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

PERU. 

Peru  is  divided  longitudinally  into  four  well-marked  regions. 
Along  the  coast  the  country  is  a  desert,  crossed  by  rivers  and 
extremely  fertile  valleys.  The  Puna  consists  of  the  bleak  and 
barren  table-lands  of  the  greatest  height.  In  the  Sierra,  or  high 
table-lands,  between  the  two  ranges  of  mountains,  is  the  section 
where  barley  and  other  European  grains  and  products  can  be 
grown.  In  the  Montana,  on  the  slopes  and  base  of  the  eastern 
range  of  mountains,  is  the  region  of  tropical  forests.  Along  the 
coast  rain  never  falls.  All  agricultural  operations  in  that  section 
are  carried  on  by  a  wonderful  and  complete  system  of  irrigation. 

Maize  is  of  all  grains  most  generally  and  successfully  cultivated ; 
fields  of  it  can  be  seen  in  all  parts  of  Peru  at  any  season  of  the 
year  and  in  every  stage  of  growth.  There  are  several  varieties  of 
good  quality.  That  grown  in  Cuzco  is  unsurpassed  anywhere. 
It  is  the  staple  food  of  all  classes  and  forms  the  bread  of  the 
natives  in  the  country  districts.  Sufficient  is  produced  for  the  con- 
sumption of  the  country,  and  considerable  is  required  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

Wheat,  introduced  into  Peru  by  a  lady  (Maria  de  Escobar),  was 
once  grown  quite  extensively  in  the  valleys  along  the  coast  and  in 
the  interior.  The  wheat  products  of  Chile  and  the  United  States, 
by  reason  of  their  small  cost,  have  caused  the  disappearance  of 
this  industry  near  the  coast.  Railway  communication  with  the 
interior,  where  wheat  is  still  grown,  may  enable  the  Peruvian  arti- 
cle to  compete  with  the  imported  in  the  future.  Barley  and  oats 
are  only  raised  in  small  quantities  and  in  the  mountainous  regions. 

In  1888  the  importation  of  wheat  into  Peru  was  845,305  bushels, 
from  the  following  sources  :  Chile,  526,950  bushels ;  United  States, 
307,243  bushels;  Australia,  7,446  bushels;  and  Spain,  3,666 
bushels.     And  the  quantity  imported  in  1889  was  687,745  bushels. 

There  are  flour  mills  in  Lima,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of 
flour  is  imported. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


39 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED     STATES. 

Breadstuff  exports  from    the  United    States  to  Peru  were,  in 
1889,  1890,  and  1891,  as  in  the  following  table : 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit pounds. . 

Wheat              ..            .bushels.. 

8.770 

Dollars. 
720 

8,086 

92,  039 

120 

Dollars. 
598 

77,  225 
658 
245 

26,  889 

63,  956 

1,507 

Dollars. 

2,028 

58,  801 

8,649 

628 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuffs 



130 

652 
416 

,Total 

1,788 

78,  726 

70,  106 

SALVADOR. 

In  Salvador  maize  and  wheat  are  grown  in  many  districts,  and 
the  production  of  the  former  is  sufficient  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  people.  Wheat  flour  is  obtained  almost  entirely  from  the 
United  States.  The  total  imports  in  i8qo  were  of  the  value  of 
$169,296  and  in  1889  $153,218.  No  statement  of  the  local 
production  can  be  had. 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The   United  States,  in  the  fiscal  years  1889,  1890,  and  1891, 
furnished  breadstuffs  to  Salvador  as  in  the  following  table : 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890.              j              1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Dollars. 

19 

358 

173 

1,379 

169.  359 

2,394 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley bushels. . 

Bread  and  biscuit .  . .  .pounds. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Wheat do 

Wheat  flour  . .  .* barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuffs                   .  . 

43 

4,597 

268 

1,668 

37,  294 

41 

5,524 
1,742 
2,915 

47,  875 

Dollars. 

17 

390 

I,  172 

2,400 

208,  312 

3,738 

Dollars. 

6,290 

18,  595 

89 

59,  784 

373 
20,  696 

83 

273,  162 

3,919 

Total 

173,682 

216,  029 

298,  233 

40 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


SANTO   DOMINGO. 

In  Santo  Domingo  the  land  is  generally  rich  and  productive, 
except  in  a  limited  region,  where  rain  is  deficient.  Though  situ- 
ated in  the  tropics,  the  character  of  the  soil,  the  distance  of  certain 
portions  above  the  sea  level,  and  the  differences  of  exposure  cause 
particular  districts  to  be  adapted  to  different  classes  of  agricultural 
products.  Upon  the  mountains  many  of  the  growths  of  the 
temperate  zone  can  be  successfully  produced.  Indian  corn  is 
easily  cultivated,  and,  as  in  most  of  these  tropical  regions,  three 
plantings  can  be  made  in  one  year,  the  summer  crop  being  of  the 
best  quality.  Wheat  in  a  limited  quantity  has  been  grown  in  one 
of  the  valleys  several  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 

No  statistics  of  the  commerce  or  agricultural  production  of  the 
country  are  to  be  had. 

EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED     STATES. 

The  United  States  in  1889,  1890,  and  1891  exported  bread- 
stuffs  to  this  Republic  as  follows : 


Articles. 


Bread  and  biscuit pounds . . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Rye  flour barrels. . 

Wheat  flour do. . . . 

All  other  breadstuff's 


Total. 


1889. 


Quantity.      Value. 


68,  430 

533 

273 

I,  240 


37,  646 


Dollars. 

4,386 

318 

943 
496 


202,  678 
3,361 


212,  182 


1890. 


Quantity/.     Value. 


73.071 

62 

581 

1,572 

10 

31.675 


Dollars. 
4,136 

29 
1,661 

559 

30 

149,  260 

7.306 


1891. 


Quantitjj/.l    Value. 


162,  981 


71,415 

105 

612 

1,455 

7 
38,  341 


Dollars. 
3,979 
64 
2,088 

754 

33 

206,  239 

8,844 


222,001 


URUGUAY. 


Uruguay  has  hitherto  been  essentially  a  pastoral  country.  The 
scarcity  of  labor,  the  existing  land  tenures  in  large  holdings,  and 
the  means  of  communication  are  such  as  to  retard  agricultural 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


41 


development.  Whatever  improvement  has  taken  place  is  due  tO' 
immigration.  The  soil  is  well  suited  for  agriculture.  Wheat  and 
maize  are  the  principal  products  of  the  ground.  Barley  is  grown 
to  some  extent,  but  the  raising  of  oats  is  not  a  success.  The 
lands  are  very  rich,  and  require  little  cultivation  or  fertilization. 
Agriculture  is  generally  carried  on  only  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  railways,  and  the  system  of  farming  is  primitive.  That  not- 
withstanding all  obstacles  this  industry  has  advanced,  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  the  exports  of  wheat,  wheat  flour,  and  maize  have 
more  than  doubled  since  1889.  An  estimate  of  the  wheat  area 
in  1889  is  500,000  acres,  but  no  official  data  of  this  kind  seems 
to  be  collected,  nor  is  the  production  indicated  otherwise  than  by 
the  foreign  trade  in  these  articles. 

In  1889  ^^^  estimated  area  of  wheat  and  maize  was  403,000 
hectares,  or  1,007,500  acres,  half  devoted  to  each  crop.  The  es-^ 
timated  crop  in  1889  was  only  70,000  bushels,  excessive  rain 
having  caused  the  decrease  in  the  yield. 

The  commerce  in  breadstuffs  is  shown  in  the  subjoined  tables 
for  the  three  years,  1887  ^^  1889;  the  great  increase  in  the  im- 
ports and  decrease  in  the  exports  of  the  latter  year  were  caused 
by  an  almost  total  failure  of  the  crops. 

Imports. 


Articles. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

Value. 

Value. 

Value. 

Oats 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Ii  510- 

6,  105 

84,  196 

I,  722 

3".  9" 
20,  168 

Barley 

Farina 

126,218 
278 
632 
361 

8 

71,484 
508 

79 

52 

9 

Rye  flour 

Wheat  flour 

Maize 

Wheat 

2,  294,  716. 

42 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN 

Exports. 

AMERICA 

Articles. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

Value. 

Value. 

Value. 

Oats      

Dollars. 

13 

495 

489.  813 

Dollars. 

8 

162 

883,  392 

60 

211,930 

415,  570 

Dollars. 

28 

Barley            

607 
46,  543 

Wheat  flour 

Corn  meal 

Maize 

20,  517 
120,  247 

81,  380 
95,  934 

AVheat 

COMMERCE    IN    WHEAT    AND    FLOUR. 

The  importation  and  exportation  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour  for 
ten  years  are  indicated  in  the  table  below  : 

Imports. 


Vears. 


1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 


Wheat, 

Flour, 

value. 

value. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

314.  659 

12,  775 

6,976 

1,407 

544.  306 

74,  624 

69,  762 

2,524 

19,  159 

5.465 

820 

1,792 

63,  881 

2.147 

8 

632 

9 

79 

2,  294,  716 

311,911 

Exports. 


1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884, 

1885 

1886, 

1887 

1888 


97,091 
116,  350 

7,489 
3,019 

3,187 

82,418 

123,  583 

120,  247 

415,  570 

95,  934 


72,  836 
121, 712 

53, 139 
129,  373 

65,  606 

345.  796 
670,514 

489,813 

883,  392 

46,  543 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


43 


DESTINATION    OF    EXPORTS. 


In  the  tables  annexed  is  found  the  destination  of  the  exports  of 
wheat  and  flour  from  Uruguay  for  five  years,  1885  to  1889  : 


WHEAT. 


Whither  exported. 


1885. 


Value . 


Argentine  Republic. 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

England 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Other  ports 


Dollars. 
11,332 


6,  302 
36 


32,  069 
14,  629 

17,424 
626 


1886. 


Value. 


Dollars. 

7,912 

3,854 

20,  359 

II,  604 

37,  344 

4,615 

20,  470 

13,319 
4,  106 


1887. 


Value. 


Dollars. 


938 
50,  762 


7,078 
10,  853 

44,  693 


5,923 


1888. 


Value. 


Dollars. 


372,  267 
77 


39,  050 
4,176 


1889. 


"Value. 


Dollars. 


5,620 


90,314 


FLOUR. 


Argentine  Republic 

4,282 

216 

386 

663,  271 

31 
123 
618 

1,139 
1,242 

3,488 

190 

258 
869,  708 

Brazil 

337,  364 
258 

487,  762 

33,  570 

Chile 

Cuba 

France 

51 
1,613 

Italy 

1,340 

13,  426 

Other  ports. 

2,  228 

521 

12,973 

SOURCE  OF   FOREIGN    SUPPLY. 

Prior  to  1889  wheat  was  imported  into  Uruguay  in  limited 
quantities,  principally  from  Chile  and  the  Argentine,  and  flour 
from  Brazil  and  the  Argentine,  but  in  1889  in  consequence  of 
the  failure  of  the  crops  the  importations  of  these  products  increased 
enormously  and  were  from  the  following  countries  : 

Wheat  importation,  i88g. 


Country. 


United  States 

Chile 

Argentine . . . 

Russia 

Italy 

England  .... 

Germany 

•   Total  . 


Quantity. 


Pounds. 

Dollars. 

30,  112,  640 

850,  664 

22,  023,  491 

639,  118 

II,  782,229 

337,711 

7,  118,624 

206,655 

6,  352,  169 

134,  187 

4,351,113 

126,  314 

2,377 

67 

11,742,643 


Value. 


2,  294,  716 


44 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Wheat-Jlotir  importation,   i88g. 


Country. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

A  rffentine 

Pounds. 

2,  825,  662 

2,  785,  120 

I,  268,  944 

711,  164 

185,314 

39,  682 

383,  523 

Dollars. 

105,  434 

107,  424 

United  States 

Brazil 

45,  602 

Chile 

28,  205 

Knffland  .        ....        

7,907 

1,878 

Spain   

Other  ports 

15,  461 

Total 

8, 199,  409 

311,9" 

EXPORTS  FROM  THE  UNITED    STATES. 

The   United  States,  in  its  fiscal  years   1889,  1890,   and  1891, 
exported  the  following  breadstufFs  to  Uruguay: 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit,  . .  .pounds.  . 

Wheat bushels.. 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstufFs,  etc 

5.645 

168,  259 

22,  119 

Dollars. 

495 
162, 941 

114,559. 
5,263 

2,266 

721,  636 

10,  809 

Dollars. 

173 

647,  587 

54,  147 

3.556 

Dollars. 
(«) 
(«) 
{a) 
2,368 

Total 

283,258 

705,  463 

2,368 

a  No  statistics. 


VENEZUELA, 


In  Venezuela  there  abound  luxuriant  tracts  of  land  admirably 
fitted  for  the  cultivation  of  corn.  This  cereal  grows  abundantly. 
There  is  scarcely  a  state  where  it  can  not  be  raised,  and  with  atten- 
tion the  yield  is  generally  good  and  sufficient  to  partially  supply 
the  home  market. 

There  is  much  excellent  wheat  land  in  the  country,  and  the 
yield  is  fair.  In  Los  Andes,  a  State  near  Colombia,  wheat  is 
grown  with  success  and  a  flour  of  dark  color  and  of  a  good  qual- 
ity is  made  from  it  for  home  consumption. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


45 


The  total  grain  production,  however,  is   not  very   large.     The 
lack  of  dependence   to  be   placed  upon  labor,  the  possibilities  of 
existence  upon  products  needing  no  cultivation,  and  the  climate, 
are  conditions  which    retard  agricultural    advancement    in    this 
direction. 

Flour  mills  with  American  machinery  have  been  introduced 
into  Venezuela,  and  practical  millers  have  in  some  instances  been 
brought  from  the  United  States  to  operate  them. 

The  importations  of  flour  come  almost  exclusively  from  the 
United  States  and  are  very  great. 


EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  breadstuffs  exported  from  the  United  States  to  Venezuela 
in  1889,  1890,  and  1891  are  shown  below: 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit .  pounds. 

Corn bushels. 

Corn  meal barrels . 

Oats bushels. 

Rye  flour barrels. 

Wheat bushels. 

Wheat  flour barrels. 

All  other  breadstuffs 

400,  369 

232,  647 

187 

2,305 

3 

4,848 

155,857 

Dollars. 

30,  613 

118, 724 

564 

923 

10 

5,205 

791,007 

42,  543 

557,  964 
240,  498 

257 

3,366 

10 

1,799 

173,  759 

Dollars. 

45,  370 

129,  132 

699 

I,  240 

40 

1.993 

807,  642 

41,112 

587,  168 

169,  734 

307 

5,648 

Dollars. 

54.  256 

140,  985 

906 

3,040 

12,  095 
194,015 

14.  631 
I,  066,  605 

43.  350 

Total 

989,  589 

1,027,228 



I,  323,  773 

WEST  INDIES  (BRITISH), 

The  British  West  Indies  are  almost  entirely  dependent  upon 
foreign  countries  for  their  supply  of  cereals.  Corn  is  grown  in 
some  of  the  islands  in  small  quantities,  but  by  no  means  suffi- 
cient for  their  needs. 

In  Montserrat,  Indian  corn  is  one  of  the  principal  products. 

On  the  Island  of  Jamaica,  a  number  of  years  since,  an  attempt 
was   made   to   raise   oats,  barley,  and  wheat   on   the   highlands. 


46  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

without  much  success.  The  corn  acreage  of  this  island  was  822 
acres  in  1888  and  754  acres  in  1889. 

In  the  Bahamas,  corn,  supplying  in  part  the  home  demand,  is 
grown.  The  sterility  of  the  soil  and  the  lack  of  agricultural  en- 
terprise exhibited  by  the  inhabitants  will  preclude  ordinary  farm- 
ing from  becoming  a  profitable  industry  in  the  islands  of  this 
group. 

The  cassava  (manioc)  is  raised  on  almost  all  these  islands,  and 
its  root  is  generally  used  in  the  preparation  of  a  sort  of  bread. 

BARBADOS. 

The  Barbados  imported,  in  1889,334,644  bushels  of  corn  and 
grain,  value  $278,636;  of  corn  meal,  47,172  barrels,  value  $172,- 
172,  and  75,017  barrels  of  wheat  and  rye  flour,  value  $456,341. 
Among  its  exports  were  3 1 ,054  barrels  of  wheat  flour,  value 
$188,903. 

JAMAICA. 

The  imports  of  breadstufFs  into  Jamaica  were,  in  1889 : 

Dollars. 

Bread  and  biscuit 63,  775 

Corn  meal 77,  071 

Wheat  flour 7S6, 071 

Corn 79,  265 

Wheat 1,766 

Oats * 4.  220 

Oatmeal i,  578 

Farinaceous  substances 10,  952 

These  imports  were  almost  entirely  from  the  United  States. 

THE    BAHAMAS. 

The  Bahamas,  in  1890,  received  from  the  United  States  48,000 
barrels  of  flour,  against  37,000  in  1889,  the  increase  being  due  to 
a  partial  failure  of  the  com  and  other  crops  of  the  island. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


47 


TRINIDAD. 


The  amount  of  cereals  imported  into  Trinidad  in  1889  is 
given  below.  A  small  proportion  of  these  imports  were  reshipped 
to  the  other  British  colonies  and  to  Venezuela. 


Imports,  i88g. 


Origin. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Corn,  all  kinds,  including  oats: 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

bushels.. 

do.... 

79.  327 
116,914 

Dollars. 

Total                        

196,  241 

21.175 
4.  146 

134,  778- 

Bread,  all  kinds: 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

barrels.  . 

do.... 

Total                        

25,321 

112,743 
4,392 

83,  193- 

Flour: 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

do.... 

do.... 

Total         ,  . . .  . 

117,135 

7,082 
454 

t;7i,  035. 

Meal  or  flour  not  wheaten: 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

do.... 

do.... 

Total 

7.536 

26,  844 

Farinaceous  substances          

13,  397 

Of  these  imports  Trinidad  exported,  in  1889,  5,082  barrels  of 
flour,  554  barrels  of  bread,  and  27,834  bushels  of  corn ;  but  of  the 
latter  1 26  bushels  were  the  product  of  the  island. 


TOBAGO. 


The  imports  into  Tobago  in  1889  were  :  Bread,  440  barrels, 
$1,325;  corn,  1,260  bushels,  $971 ;  flour,  3,226^^  barrels,  $17,081, 
and  meal,  368  barrels,  $1,389,  a  fair  portion  of  which  were  re- 
ceived directly  from  the  United  States. 


48 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


EXPORTS     FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES  TO  THE   BRITISH    WEST    INDIES. 

The  following  table   shows  the   breadstuff  exports  from  the 
United  States  to  the  British  West  Indies  in  1889,  1890  and  1891  : 


Articles. 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit .  .lbs. . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels. . 

Oats bushels. . 

Oatmeal pounds. . 

Rye  flour barrels.  . 

Wheat bushels.. 

Wheat  flour  .  . .  .barrels. . 
All  other  breadstuffs 

6,  200,  880 

336,  734 

97,313 

130.  848 

280,  958 

100 

610 

444,  317 

Dollars. 

297,  480 

188,  879 

300,  833 

54.  526 

5.796 

362 

709 

2,  083,  433 

69,  141 

6,  470,  844 
428,  636 

91.  584 

253.210 

54,  850 

15 

I,  000 

456,  438 

Dollars. 

298,  274 

213,  896 

245,  830 

100,  335 

I,  264 

44 

997 

I,  945,  265 

65,  195 

6,  864,  159 
507,  852 
116,  583 
191,430 
7,843 
77 
152,  797 
523,216 

Dollars. 

344.  704 
330,  683 
387,  168 
103,  350 
221 
360 
125,954 
496,  241 

98.  494 

Total 

3,001,159 

2,  871,  700 

3.887,175 



WEST   INDIES   (DUTCH.) 

Maize,  in  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  is  one  of  the  principal 
products.  In  seasons  when  the  usual  rains  occur  the  island  of 
Cura9ao  produces  sufficient,  with  other  crops,  for  the  sustenance 
of  most  of  the  people.  Its  imported  food  supplies  are  principally 
•drawn  from  the  United  States. 

EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  exports,  in  1889, 1890  and  1891,  of  the  articles  stated  from 
the  United  States  to  the  Dutch  West  Indies  are  shown  in  the 
subjoined  table. 


A  rtirlp^ 

1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit . . . 

Corn 

Corn  meal 

Oats 

Oatmeal 

.pounds. . 
.bushels. . 
..barrels., 
.bushels. . 
.pounds. . 
.  .barrels. . 
•  bushels.  . 
.  .barrels. . 

437,  946 

64,  790 

19.  925 

682 

536 

187 

25 

27,  426 

Dollars. 
21,931 
36,  303 
63,  693 
270 

13 

687 

32 

136,  529 

3,256 

460,  508 

77,  no 

18,555 

383 

Dollars. 
18,  725 
40,  335 
50,  038 
137 

472,  603 
32.  246 

13,  544 
836 

Dollars. 
21,582 
25,  674 

45,  923 

466 

Rye  flour 

Wheat 

280 

*       953 

95 
20 

406 

25 

111,173 

2,566 

Wheat  flour 

All  other  breadstuff's. 

21,529 

99.  212 
2,437 

Total 

262,  714 



211,837 

207.  81^ 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


49 


WEST  INDIES  (FRENCH). 

In  Guadeloupe  and  dependencies  of  the  French  West  Indies, 
manioc  after  sugar  cane  is  the  product  most  generally  cultivated. 
A  preparation  of  the  flour  of  manioc  (cassava)  to  a  great  extent 
takes  the  place  of  wheat  bread,  and  is  used  by  all  classes.  The 
area  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  manioc  in  Guadeloupe  in  1888, 
was  12,854  acres,  and  19,020  acres  were  planted  in  other  food 
substances.  The  harvest  of  the  year  included  379794*337  pounds 
of  manioc,  and  320,905  of  maize. 

In  Martinique,  42,369  acres  wefe  under  cultivation  for  the  pro- 
duction of  articles  of  food  in  1 887,  but  the  statistics  do  not  show 
the  area  or  yield  of  the  several  kinds  of  products  cultivated. 

The  imports  of  breadstuffs  into  the  French  West  Indies  in 
1888  were  as  follows: 


Articles. 

Guadeloupe. 

Martinique. 

Corn / 

Dollars. 

22,  487 

1,748 

71,153 

56,  278 

Dollars. 

32,052 

976 

20,  922 

21    612 

Corn  meal 

Oats 

Ship  biscuit   etc 

Wheat 

21,  776 

454,  974 

Wheat  flour 

363,  725 

EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

In  1889,  1890,  and  1891  the  supply  of  breadstuffs  exported  by 
the  United  States  to  these  Islands  was — 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit. pounds. 

Corn bushels. 

Corn  meal barrels . 

Oats bushels. 

Rye  flour barrels. 

Wheat bushels. 

Wheat  flour barrels. 

All  other  breadstuffs 

1,257,024 

63,  668 

881 

4,198 

40 

22,  981 
107,  070 

Dollars. 

48,  423 

35,  712 

2,649 

1,847 

138 

21,752 

536,  012 

1,296 

1,118,763 

65,328 

1,576 

20,  925 

20 

32,  868 

110,313 

Dollars. 

48,  172 

33,551 

4,058 

31,887 

495,421 

873 

I,  059,  314 

64,  931 

1,706 

2,770 

50 

9.978 

"1,549 

Dollars. 

53,  228 

43,  515 

5,451 

I,  114 

213 

11,366 

556,  807 

52,  422 



Total    . 

647,  829 

622, 223 

673,  8^ 

Bull.  35 4 


5° 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


WEST  INDIES  (SPANISH). 

In  the  Spanish  West  Indies  maize  grows  abundantly.  The 
usual  three  crops  annually  are  produced. 

Puerto  Rico,  in  the  elevated  portion,  is  adapted  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  several  of  the  European  grains  and  is  the  only  one  of  the 
Antilles  whose  products  almost  suffice  for  the  alimentation  of 
its  inhabitants.  No  agricultural  statistics  of  these  islands  appear 
to  be  collected  and  data  of  their  commerce  are  not  accessible. 

In  the  Spanish  revenue  law  of  the  6th  of  May,  1882,  there  was 
a  provision  for  the  gradual  reduction  of  duties  on  Spanish  imports 
until  July  1,  1891,  after  which  date  all  articles  imported  directly 
from  Spain  or  of  Spanish  origin  were  to  enter  Cuba  free  of  duty. 
This  law  was  advanced  one  year  July  1,  1890,  as  to  flour  imported 
from  Spain,  which  has  since  that  date  been  imported  into  Cuba 
free  of  duty. 

EXPORTS    FROM    THE    UNITED     STATES. 

In  1889,  1890,  and  1891  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  United 
States  exports  of  breadstuffs  to  the  Spanish  West  Indies  were — 


Cuba. 


1889. 

1890. 

1891. 

Articles. 

Quantity 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit .  pounds . . 

Corn bushels. . 

Corn  meal barrels . . 

Oats bushels. . 

Rye                        .bushels. . 

341.  014 

145,  525 

3,544 

21,751 

Dollars. 
23,  557 
81,  180 

11,245 

7,813 

362,820 

594,  542 

6,398 

52,  229 

16 

1,315 

1,234 

255, 820 

Dollars. 
24,  195 

258,  775 

19, 116 

17, 198 

II 

5,030 

1,246 

1, 164,  538 

30,  508 

361,853 

856 

21,837 

16 

915 
20 

114,447 

Dollars. 

17,930 
225,  187 

2,909 

10,  598 

13 

Rye  flour barrels. . 

Wheat bushels.. 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstuffs 

737 

30 

243,153 

2,  630 

35 

1,190,494 

19,  093 

3,785 

23 

591,  886 

27,  648 

Total 

1,336,047 

I,  520,  617 

874,  979 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Puerto  Rico. 


51 


Articles. 

1889.                 1                 1890. 

1891. 

Quantity. 

Value.       j  Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

509,  922 
9.375 
8,197 
3,462 

Value. 

Bread  and  biscuit,  pounds. . 

Corn bushels.  . 

Corn  meal barrels .  . 

Oats bushels.  . 

Rye  flour barrels. . 

Wheat  flour barrels. . 

All  other  breadstufFs 

287,  307 

3,135 

1,369 

1,084 

3 

129,  946 

Dollars. 
17,  766 

1,523 

4,196 

408 

10 

638,  210 

11,669 

427,  032 

12,966 

9,068 

3,880 

Dollars. 

23,  832 

6,523 

23,928 

1,490 

Dollars. 
27,  806 

5.380 
26.  099 

I,  912 

151,996         699,516 
16,  468 

127,983 

668,  828 
18,850 

Total 

673,  782 



llhlSl 

748,  875 

Freight  Rates  to  Latin  America. 

The  freight  rates  from  the  ports  of  the   United  States  to  the 
ports  of  Latin  America  are  approximately  as  follows : 


FROM    NEW    YORK    TO    BRAZIL    AND    THE    ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC. 

United  States  and  Brazilian  Mail  Steamship  Company. 
[Subject  to  change  without  notice.] 


' 

From  New  York,  Baltimore,  or  Rich- 
mond to— 

Articles, 

Pard. 

Rio  de 
Janeiro. 

Montevideo 

or  Buenos 

Ayres. 

Bran  (in  bags,  loo  pounds  each) per  bag. . 

Flour per  barrel  (196  pounds).  . 

Dollars. 
0.75 
0.  90 

Dollars. 
I.  GO 
I.  10 

Dollars. 
I.  40 
1.60 

FROM    NEW    YORK    TO    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company. 


"How  charged. 

Central  American  ports. 

Mexican  ports. 

Articles. 

Punta  Are- 
nas, San 
•Juan,  Ce- 
rinto. 

Amapala,  La 
Uni6n,  La  Li- 
bertad,  Aca- 
putla,   San 
Jos^de  Guate- 
mala, Cham- 
perico  Acos. 

San  Benito. 
Torald,  Salina 
Cruz,  Port  An- 
gel, Acapulco. 
Manzanillo, 
San  Bias, 
Mazatlan. 

Crackers,    flour,    maizena,    meal, 

Cubic  foot 

Cents. 
50 

Cents. 

55 

Cents. 
60 

FROM    NEW    YORK    TO    PANAMA. 

Flour barrel . . 

Flour - •  •  .half  barrel. . 

Flour '. quarter  barrel . . 

Flour  in  bags pound.. 

Ship  bread,  crackers,  etc cubic  foot. . 

52 


Dollars. 

2.  50 

I.  40 

.80 

.01 

.40 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  53 

RULES    AND    CONDITION    OF    SHIPMENT. 

All  freight  must  be  prepaid  and  is  payable  in  the  United  States 
gold.  No  bill  of  lading  signed  for  less  than  $5  (to  Panama  $4.) 
Goods  taken  as  above  by  weight  or  measurement  at  carriers'  option. 
Freight  charged  on  gross  weight  or  measurement.  Special  rates 
for  car-load  lots  (20,000  pounds  or  500  cubic  feet)  of  any  one 
article  of  consignment. 

All  packages  of  unusual  bulk  will  be  taken  only  by  special 
contract.  All  perishable  property  only  at  owner's  risk  of  frost, 
heat,  and  decay,  and  all  goods  in  improper  or  insufficient  packages 
only  at  owner's  risk  of  chafing,  wet,  and  waste.  All  baled  goods 
will  be  carried  only  at  owner's  risk  of  chafing. 

Shippers  are  required  to  send  receipts  in  duplicate,  giving  con- 
tents, one  of  which  will  be  signed,  the  other  retained  and  must 
accompany  the  bill  of  lading  when  presented  for  signature.  Bills 
of  lading  signed  only  upon  company's  forms  furnished  at  the 
office.  No  other  forms  recognized.  Bills  of  lading  will  not  be 
signed  until  duly  stamped  by  the  Colombian  consul  at  New 
York. 

Shippers  of  goods  must  comply  with  all  consular  regulations 
for  manifests,  invoices,  certificates,  etc.,  and  any  fine  imposed  by 
authorities  at  port  of  destination  or  damage  resulting  from  failure 
in  this  respect,  or  for  errors  or  omissions  therein,  shall  be  at  risk 
and  expense  of  the  consignees  of  the  goods,  and  shall  be  paid  by 
them. 

Freight  received  at  pier  foot  of  Canal  street.  North  River,  until 
5  p.  M.  day  previous  to  steamer's  sailing,  unless  steamer  be  sooner 
full.  The  company  reserves  the  right  to  alter  the  tariff  at  their 
option  without  further  notice. 

FROM    NEW    ORLEANS    TO    COSTA   RICA. 

Costa  Rica  Line,   140  Gravier  street.  New  Orleans,  La. 

Freight  rates  are  charged  upon  a  basis  of  $8  per  ton  or  20 
cents  per  cubic  foot. 


54 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


FROM    TAMPA    TO    CUBA. 

By  Plant  Investment  Company. 

Between  Port  Tampa  and  Havana  freight  rates  20  cents  per 
100  pounds  on  grain,  etc.,  with  36  cents  per  barrel  on  flour. 

FROM    TAMPA    TO    JAMAICA. 

By  Plant  Investment  Company. 

Between  Port  Tampa  and  Jamaica  freight  rates  45  cents  per 
100  pounds  on  grain  and  $1  per  barrel  on  flour. 


Duties  on  Breadstuffs. 


ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC. 

Ad  valorem  duties. 


D.tyin 

Argentine 

money 

Equivalents  in  United  States 

and  weights 

• 

currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Pesos. 

Per  cent. 

Dollars. 

Per  cent. 

Oats,  including  the  bag 

kilos. 

o.  06 

25 

pound. 

0.  026 

25 

Barley,  decorticated,  including 

the  wrapping 

..do     .. 

.  10 

25 

do 

.043 

25 

Barley,  with  the  husks,  includ- 

ing the  bag 

..do  ... 

.03 

25 

..do  ... 

.013 

25 

Rye  in  the  grain,  including  the 

bag 

..do  ... 

.06 

25 

..do  ... 

.  026 

25 

Crackers,   ordinary,    including 

the  bag 

..do  ... 

.09 

25 

. .do  ... 

.039 

25 

Flour  or  meal  of  all  comestible 

material  (other  than  wheat  or 

maize)  in  packages  or  tons. 

including  the  covering 

..do  ... 

.24 

25 

..do  ... 

.105 

25 

The  same,   loose,   in  boxes  or 

bags,  including  the  covering. 

..do  ... 

.18 

25 

..do  ... 

.078 

25 

Specific  duties. 


Free  list. 


Crackers,  fine,  sweet  or  small, 
and  other  mixtures  of  flour  .  . 
Flour  or  meal  of  wheat  or  maize . 

kilos. 
..do  ... 



Pesos. 
0.15 

per  lb. 
. .do  ... 

Dollars. 

.065 
021 

Maize,  shelled   

. .do  ... 

do  . 

021 

Maize,  in  the  ear 
Wheat 


Free 
do.. 


55 


56 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
BOLIVIA. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Bolivian  money  and . 
weights. 

Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Oats gros§  weight . 

Barley,  with  the  husks,  gross 
weight    . .    .    . 

kilos, 
.do  .    . 

Bolivianos 

o.  02 

.  02 
.Q2 

.04 

.40 
.08 

.06 
.02 
.05 

Per  cent. 
free  . . . 

25 

free  .    . 

pound. 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 

Dollars. 

.013 

.133 
.026 

.02 

.oo62/^ 
.006^ 

Per  cent. 
free. 

25 

free 

Rye gross  weight . 

Crackers,   without   sweetening 

or  lard gross  weight. 

Same,    fine,    with    or    without 

sweetening,   and  biscuits  of 

all  kinds gross  weight. 

Flour  wheat do. . 

Flour  (meal)  of  oats,  rye,  maize 

and  others gross  weight. 

Maize do. . 

Wheat..; do.. 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 
..do  ... 

25 

25 
free  . . . 

free  . . . 
free  . .  . 

25 

..do  ... 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 

..do  ... 
..do  ... 
..do  ... 

25 

25 
free. 

free. 

free. 

25 

BRAZIL. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Brazilian  money 
and  weights. 

Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Bread,  biscuits 

Pesos, 

Dollars. 

Ship  or  pilot  bread,  crackers,  etc 

Biscuit  of  any  other  kind 

Per  kilo 

do 

.035 
.480 

Per  pound. . . 
....do 

0.  0086 
0.  118 

Barley. 
Maize. 
Flour,  wheat. 


Free  under  reciprocity  treaty. 

Flour,  r)''e.  Rye. 

Cornmeal.  Wheat. 

Oatmeal.  Oats. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
CHILE. 


57 


Duty  in 

Chilean  money  and 

Equivalents  in  United  States 

Articles. 

weights. 

currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Per  cent. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Duty. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Per  cent  . 

Oats .gross  weight 

Kilo 

o6 

Free 

Per  lb 

0.025 

Free, 
Free 

Rve 

Free. 

25 

Pearl  barley gross  weight.  . 

Kilo. 

.12 

Per  lb. 

.05 

25 

Crackers,  ordinary,  for  sailors 

or  troops gross  weight .  . 

Quintal. 

6.  50 

35 

Per  cwt. 

2.688 

35 

Crackers,  fine,  without  sweet- 

ening or  lard,  for  state  rooms, 

whose   diameter    exceeds    8 

centimeters.  .  .gross  weight.  . 

...do,.. 

8.70 

35 

...do... 

3.60 

35 

Same  as  last,  whose   diameter 

does  not  exceed  8  centime- 

ters  gross  weight.  . 

Kilo. 

.35 

35 

Per  lb. 

.  145 

35 

Same,  of  any  form  or  size, made 

with  sweetening  and  lard. 

gross  weight .  . 

...do.. 

.50 

35 

...do... 

.207 

35 

Maize 

Free. 
Free 

Free 

Wheat  flour gross  weight. 

Free. 

Flour  (meal)  of  oats,  rye,  maize, 



and  others. . .  .gross  weight. . 

Kilo. 

.15 

25 

Per  lb. 

.  062 

25 

COLOMBIA. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Colombian  money 
and  weights. 

Duty  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Flour,  including   cornmeal   and  all 
similar  products 

Per  kilogram. 
....do 

Pesos. 

0.05 

.  01 

Per  pound. . . 
....do 

Dollars. 

.oi6}4 
•oo3>^ 

Corn,  rice,  etc.,  and  all  classes   of 
ve<yetables 

By  law  88  of  1886  a  horizontal  increase  of  25  per  cent  on  this  tariff  was  established. 


COSTA  RICA. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  money  and  weights 
of  Cosia  Rica. 

Duty  in  money  and  weights 
of  the  United  States. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Oats,  maize,  wheat,*  barley,  rye, 
and  others 

Wheat  flour,  cornmeal,  oatmeal,  etc. 

Crackers  or  biscuits,  fine  or  ordi- 
nary   

Per  kilogram. 

....do 

do 

.02 
.04 

.07 

Per  pound. . . 

....do 

....do 

Dollars. 
.006% 

.013 

.023 

*  By  a  decree  of  July  27, 1882,  wheat  for  Don  Rafael  Iglesias  shall  pay  only  the  fifth  part  of  the  cus- 
toms dues  and  wharfage  for  ten  years  from  the  day  his  mill  shall  be  ready  for  operation. 


58 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
ECUADOR. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  money  and  weights 
of  Ecuador. 

Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Barley 

Per  kilogram. 
do 

Sucre. 
.02 
.02 
.05 
.02 

Per  pound. . . 

...   do 

....do 

....do 

Dollars. 
0.006^ 
0.006^ 
0.  016^ 
0.006% 

Indian  corn            

Flour  (meal)  of  all  kinds 

Wheat 

....do 

do 

On  all  goods  and  articles  not  mentioned  or  specified  a  duty  of 
25  cents  per  kilogram  in  bulk  is  charged. 

For  the  service  of  the  national  foreign  debt  an  additional  sur- 
charge of  10  per  cent  shall  be  imposed  on  import  duties.  [This 
surtax  can  not  now  be  imposed  until  six  months  after  the  signing 
any  agreement  for  the  settlement  of  the  foreign  debt.] 


GUATEMALA. 


Rye  and  maize  are  exempt  from  import  duties. 

Ten  per  cent  shall  be  collected  upon  the  value,  according  to 
the  original  invoices,  for  the  introduction  of  barley  and  wheat. 

The  following  articles  are  subject  to  duty  named,  70  per  cent 
upon  their  appraisement: 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Guatemalan  money  and 
weights. 

Duty  in  United  States  currency  and 
weights. 

Unit. 

Appraise- 
ment. 

Duty. 

"ni'-         l^Se'Si"- 

Duty. 

70  per  cent: 

Wheat  flour 

Crackers,    common 
or  ordinary,  gross 

Quintal.. 
Libra 

do  ... 

Pesos. 
2.50 

.05 
.  10 

Pesos. 

1.75 

.03K 

.07 
.33 

Per  cwt 

Per  pound. 

....do 

Per  cwt  . 

Dollars. 
I.813X 

.036 
.073 

Dollars. 
1.26 

.025 

.051 
•239 

Crackers,  fine,  with 
or  without  sweet- 
ening,    gross 
weight 

25  per  cent: 

Wheat,  gross  weight. 

Quintal   . 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  59 

GUIANA  (British). 

Bread,  navy  biscuit,  or  crackers,  or  other  kinds per  100 

pounds $0.  50 

Corn,  crushed  feed  and  ground  feed per  bushel . .  o.  10 

Corn  meal  and  oatmeal per  100  pounds . .  o.  25 

Flour,  of  all  descriptions per  barrel  of  196  pounds. .  i.  00 

Grain  of  every  description,  not  otherwise  specified  .  per  bushel . .  o.  05 

Oats per  bushel. .  o.  10 


HONDURAS. 

Oats,  maize,  etc.,  alimentary  roots,  comestibles  unprepared, 
wheat  flour  and  others  not  specified  (including  corn  meal,  rye 
flour,  barley  flour)  are  free  of  duty. 

Barley  decorticated  or  ground  and  crackers  of  all  kinds  pay  2 
centavos  per  libra  {i%  cents  per  pound.  United  States  value.) 

HONDURAS  (bRITISH). 

Cents. 

Bread,  navy  and  pilot per  loo  pounds. .  40 

Flour per  barrel  of  196  pounds. .  50 

Oats per  100  pounds. .  10 

All  other  goods,  not  free  of  duty  and  not  otherwise  charged 
with  any  duty,  according  to  the  invoice  value,  including  the  cost 
of  the  packages  lo,  per  cent. 

Indian  corn  is  free  of  duty. 

MEXICO. 


Articles. 


Oats  (gross  weight) 

Wheat  flour,  all  grades  (net  weight). . 
Flour  of  all  other  cereals,(gross  weight 

Maize  (gross  weight) 

Crackers  of  all  kinds  (gross  weight).  . 

Wheat  and  all  kinds  of  grains  not 

specified  (gross  weight) 


Duty  in  Mexican  money,     |  Duty  in  United  States  cur- 
weights  and  measures.       rency,  weights  and  measures. 


Unit. 


Kilo.. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 


...do. 
...do. 


Duty. 


Pesos. 
.  01 
.  II 
.  01 
.01 
.15 

•05 


Unit. 


Per  pound 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 


do.. 


Duty. 


Dollars. 
.004. 
.04 
.004 
.004 
.054 

.oiS 


6o 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
NICARAGUA. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Nicaraguan  money, 
weights  and  measures. 

Duty  in  United  States  cur- 
rency, weights  and  measures. 

Unit.    • 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Biscuits  or  crackers  of  all  kinds 

Flour 

Libra 

do 

Cvos. 

.04 

.01 

Free. 

Per  pound. . . 
....do 

Dollars. 
.029 

Grain  and  cereals  not  specified 

PERU. 


Articles. 


Duty  in  Peruvian 
money  and  weights. 


Unit.       Valuation.      Duty 


Kilo 


do 


Oats  (gross  weight) 

Barley,  with  the  husks  (gross 
weight) 

Rye  (gross  weight) 

Barley,  decorticated  or  pearl, in- 
cluding the  wrapping 

Crackers,  ordinary,  without 
sweetening  or  lard  (gross 
weight) 

Same,  fine,  with  or  without  sweet- 1 
ening  and  biscuits  of  all  kinds  | 
(gross  weight) I ...  do 

Flour,  wheaten,  in  barrels  or 
sacks  (specific) 

The  same,  called  "molluelo," 
firsts  or  seconds  (specific).  . . 

Flour  (meal)  of  oats  or  rye 
(gross  weight) 

Corn  meal  (gross  weight) 

Flour  of  rice  (gross  weight).  . . 

Maize  (gross  weight) 


"Wheat  of  all  kinds  (specific).  . 


.do 

do 

do 
do 
do 
do 


■  do 


Soles. 
.02 


.02 
.  02 


.06 

.40 

,  10 

05 

10 
10 
10 
02 


Per  cent. 
■     10 


40 


65 


65 

Centavos 

Per  cent. 
40 
40 
40 
10 

Centavos. 
I 


Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 


Unit. 


Pound. 

.  ..do  .. 
...do  .. 

.  ..do  .. 


..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 
..do 
..do 
..do 


Valuation. 


Dollars. 
0.006^ 

0.006^ 
o.  006^3 

0.033 


0-133 


Duty. 


Per  cent. 
10 


40 


65 


,do 


65 
Cents. 
0.033  .OII>^ 


O.  01673 

0.033 
0.033 

o.  033 
o.  006^ 

0.006^ 


.011^ 

Per  cent. 

40 

40 

40 

10 
Cents. 
•003K 


SANTO    DOMINGO. 

The  tariff  upon  certain  breadstufFs  under  the  recent  reciprocity- 
treaty  with  the  United  States,  to  go  into  effect  September  1,  1891, 
is  as  follows : 

Corn  or  maize  and  corn  meal Free. 

Oats,  barley,  rye,  and  buckwheat,  and  flour  of  these  cereals Free. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


6l 


The  rate  of  duty  under  the  tariff,  60  per  cent  upon  the  valua- 
tion (payable  in  Mexican  dollars,  the  value  of  which  in  United 
States  currency  on  July  i,  1891,  was  80  cents)  is  as  follows  : 


Articles. 

Valuation  in  weights  and 
money  of  Santo  Domingo. 

Valuation  in  United 

States  currency  and 

weights. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Unit. 

Value. 

Per  cent. 

Fine  biscuits,  called  pilot  .... 
Ordinary  biscuits,  called  navy 
Fine    biscuits — soda,   butter, 
oyster,  sweet  crackers,  and 
the  like 

Per  quintal  . . 
....do  ....... 

do 

$8 
6 

16 

Per  cent  . 
...do  ... 

....do  ... 

2.903 
2.177 

5.806 

60 
60 

60 

UNITED    STATES. 


Articles. 


Barley  (bushel,  48  pounds) per  bushel .  . 

Barley,  pearled per  pound .  . 

Biscuits  and  crackers  of  all  kinds 

Corn,  Indian  (maize) per  bushel  (56  pounds). . 

Flour  (wheat) 

Meal,  corn per  bushel  (48  pounds). . 

Meal,  oat per  pound . . 

Oats per  bushel  (32  pounds). . 

Rye per  bushel  (56  pounds) .  . 

Rye  flour per  pound .  . 

Wheat per  bushel  (60  pounds). . 


Specific. 


Cents. 

30 

2 


15 


20 
I 

15 
10 

1 

25' 


Ad  valorem. 


Per  cent. 


20 
25 


URUGUAY. 

Specific  duties. 
[i  peso,  Uruguay  =  $1.0352,  United  States ;  i  kilogn 


2.2046  pounds.] 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Uruguayan  money  and 
weights. 

Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Valuation. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Valuation. 

Duty. 

Wheat 

100  kilos. . . 

Pesos. 

Pesos. 
1.35 
.80 

2.  70 
.16 

Per  cwt. . . . 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 
0.634 

.375 

1.268 

do 

do 

Wheat  flour  in  casks  or 
baffs 

....  do 

8.00 

.35 

....do 

Per  pound. . 

3.756 
.  164 

Crackers,    sweet,    and 
biscuit,  including  the 
package 

Kilogram.. 

.075 

62 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Ad  valorem  duties. 


Articles. 

Unit. 

Valuation. 

Duty. 

Unit. 

Valuation. 

Duty. 

Barley  (gross  weight).. 

Rye  (gross  weight) 

Crackers,     common 
(gross  weight). 

loo  kilos. 
Kilogram. 

...  do 

Pesos. 

4.50 

.05 

.  12 
.  10 

Per  cent. 
31 
31 

44 
31 

Per  cwt 

Per  pound. 

....  do 

....do 

Pesos. 
2.  II 
.023 

.  056 
.047 

Per  cent. 
31 
31 

44 
31 

Flour  or  meal  of  rye, 
maize,  or  other  com- 
estible material 

do 

VENEZUELA. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  Venezuelan  weights 
and  money . 

Duty  in  United  States  cur- 
rency and  weights. 

Unit.                  Duty. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Oats,  barley,  rye,  wheat,  and  maize. . 
Wheat  flour             ....             

Per  kilogram 
do 

Bolivares. 

0.  10 

.25 

.75 

.  10 

".25 
.75 

Per  pound. 

....do  

....do 

....do..... 

....do 

....do  

Dollars. 
0.  006^ 

.0162^ 

.05 

.0062/^ 

.0165^ 
.05 

do 

Barley  flour,   and   any   others    not. 
specified. 

....do 

do 

Crackers  with  sweetening 

Ho 

By  virtue  of  a  decree  of  March  24,  1891,  maize,  rice,  etc., 
have  been  declared  exempt  from  import  duty  from  April  20, 
1891,  until  new  orders.  The  reestablishment  of  the  import  duties 
on  these  articles  will  be  announced  a  month  in  advance. 


WEST  INDIES  (BRITISH). 

JAMAICA. 


Articles. 


Barley per  bushel 

Bread  or  biscuit per  loo  pounds 

Corn,  Indian per  bushel 

Flour,  rye per  barrel  of  196  pounds 

Flour,  wheat do. . 

Meal  (not  wheat  meal) do. . 

Oats per  bushel 

Wheat do. . 

On  all  other  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  and  effects  of  every 
description,  not  previously  enumerated,  for  every  ;^ioo 
value 


Duty  in  Eng 
lish  money. 


!        Duty 
in     United 
States  cur- 
rency. 


Dollars. 
0.08 
I.  46 

.08 
1.94^ 
I-94K 

•48^ 

.08 


60.83 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


63 


TRINIDAD    AND   TOBAGO. 


Articles. 


Biead,  of  all  kinds barrel . . 

Corn,  of  all  kinds,  including  oats bushel. . 

Flour barrel  of  196  pounds. . 

Meal,  or  other  flour,  not  wheaten barrel. . 


Equivalents 
'n  United 
States  cur- 
rency. 


ALL    OTHER    BRITISH    WEST    INDIES. 


Bermuda 

Bahamas 

Turks  Island.  .  .  . 

St.  Lucia 

St.  Vincent 

Barbados 

Grenada 

Virgin  Island 

St.  Christopher  / 

Nevis \ 

Antigua 

Montserrat 

Dominica 


Indian  corn^ and  wheat,per      p,^^^  ^^.^^^^^  ^^^  barrel . 


Duty  in  Eng- 
lish money. 


(*) 
Free. 


Equivalent  in 

United  Stats 

currency. 


*5  per  cent  ad  valorem. 
jWith  10  per  cent  ad  valorem. 
;Per  100  pounds. 


Cents. 

{*) 

Free. 


12 

8 

tl2 
12 
12 


Outy  in  Eng- 

lish mon 

ey. 

s.      d 

(*) 

t2 

6 

3 

9 

4 

2 

4 

0 

4 

2 

4 

0 

5 

0 

4 

2 

5 

0 

2 

0 

5 

0 

Equivalent  in 

United  States 

currency. 


Dolla 
{*) 

fo 


61 

91 
01 

97 
01 

97 

or 

21^ 

48 

21H 


GRENADA   (ADDITIONAL). 


Duty  in  Eng- 
lish money. 


Bread per  100  pounds .  . 

Oats per  bushel. . 

Flours  other  than  wheaten per  barrel . . 

Corn  meal  and  oatmeal per  100  pounds.  . 


Equivalents 
in  United 
States  cur- 
rency. 


Cents. 


48 
12 

48 

48 


()4 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

ST.    VINCENT   (additional). 


Articles. 


Bread per  barrel 

Other  flours  than  wheaten do.  . 


j  Equivalents 
DutyinEng-!    in  United 
lish  money.  |  States  cur- 
rency. 


Cents. 


24 
48 


WEST  INDIES  (FRENCH). 

GUADELOUPE   AND    DEPENDENCIES. 


Articles. 

Duty  in  French  money  and 
weights. 

Equivalents  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Francs. 
2.  00 

1.  00 

2.  00 

1.  00 

2.  50 
7.00 

Per  cent. 

Unit. 

Duty. 

Wheat  flour             

Barrel  of  90 
kilograms. 
Hectoliter  .  .  . 
.     do       .... 

Barrel  of  198 

pounds. 
Per  bushel  . . 

....do 

...do 

Per  cwt 

.  .do 

Ad  valorem. 

Dollars. 
0.386 

068 

Maize 

Corn  meal   .            .       .    .        

.136 
068 

Oats 

...   do     

lookilogs. . . 
do 

Ad  valorem. . 

218 

Grits  and  feculas,  grains  peeled  and 

hulled. 
Alimentary  roots  and  flourof  manoic. . 

.613 
Per  cent. 

5 

MARTINIQUE. 


Articles. 

Unit. 

Sea  octroi 
dues. 

Customs 
dues. 

Unit. 

Sea  octroi 'Customs 
dues,    i    dues. 

Wheat: 

Grain 

Per  100   kilos, 

net. 
Per  barrel  of  88 

kilograms. 

Per   100   kilos, 

net. 
Per  barrel  of  88 

kilogiams. 

Per  100  kilos, 

net. 
do 

Francs. 
I.  00 

2   40 

1.  00 

2.  40 

I.  10 

•  3.  00 
1.75 

0.  50 
4.00 

3- 00 

Francs. 

1.  CO 

2.  50 

Per  cwt 

Per  barrel  0  f 
193.6  pounds. 

Per  cwt 

Per  barrel  0  f 
193.6  pounds. 

do 

Dollars. 

0.  08  7i 

.  21 

.o87i 

.21 

.096 

.262 
.153 

.044 

.35 
.262 

Dollars. 

0. 08  7i 

.218 

Flour 

Meslin  and  rye: 
Grain 

Flour 

Maize: 

Grain 

Flour 

do 

Oats 

...do. 

.do 

Grits  and  feculas: 
Flourof  manioc 

do 

do 

Others 

do.  . 

...  do 

Biscuits  not  sweet- 

 do 

do 

ened. 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
WEST  INDIES  (SPANISH). 


65 


The  rates  of  duty  in  the  Spanish  West  Indies  under  the  recent 
reciprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States  are  as  follows,  provided 
the  imports  be  the  product  or  manufacture  of  the  United  States 
md  proceed  directly  from  the  ports  of  said  States  : 


Transitory  and  definitive  schedule. 
[September  i,  1891.] 


Articles. 


Oats,  barley,  rye,  buck- 
wheat, and  flour  of  these 
cereals free. . 

Corn  or  maize 

Corn  meal 

Wheat  from  January  i. 
1892 

Wheat  flour  from  January 
I,  1892 . . 


Duty  in  Spanish  West  Indies  currency  and 
weights. 


Unit. 


Duty. 


Pei  100  kilograms 
...  do 


do. 
do. 


Free. 


Pesos. 

o.  25 

.25 

•30 

I. 00 


Duty  in  United  States 
currency  and  weights. 


Unit. 


Percwt. . 
...do  ... 

...do  ... 

...do  ... 


Duty. 


Dollars. 

Free, 
o.  105 
.105 

.126 

.42 


Definitive  schedule  (to  go  into  effect  July  i,  1892).  Bread  and 
crackers  at  a  reduction  of  duty  of  50  per  cent. 

The  present  tariff  rate  upon  wheat,  wheat  flour,  bread,  and 
crackers  in  these  islands  is: 


Articles. 


Cuba: 

Wheat 

Wheat  flour,  including  weight  of 
package 

Bread,  biscuit,  or  crackers 

Puerto  Rico: 

Cereals 

Flour  of  wheat 

Crackers  (ordinary) 


Duty  in  money  and  weights  of  ,  Duty  in  United  States 


Spanish  West  Indies. 


Unit. 


Per  100  kilos. . 


.do. 
.do. 


.do. 
,do. 
.do. 


Duty. 


Pesos. 
3.15 

4.695 
6.  30 

.80 

2.45 
2.60 


currency  and  weights. 


Unit. 


Per  cwt. 

...do... 
...do... 

...do... 
...do... 
...do... 


Duty. 


Dollars. 
1.323 


97 
646 


.336 
1.025 
I.  092 


Bull.  35 5 


66 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


MISCELLANEOUS  BREADSTUFF  STATISTICS. 
EXPORTS    OF     BREADSTUFFS    FROM    THE      UNITED    STATES    TO    EUROPE. 

The  table  annexed  shows  the  value  of  the  export  of  breadstufFs 
from  the  United  States  to  the  European  countries  indicated  for 
the  four  years  1887  ^^  1891: 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


Oats  and 
oatmeal. 


Wheat. 


Wheat  flour. 


Other  bread- 
stuffs  and 
food  prepa- 
rations. 


Total. 


Belgium: 

1887  . 

1888  . 
1889. 

1890  . 

1891  . 
Denmark: 

1887  . 

1888  . 


1890.. 

1891  ., 
France: 

1887.. 

1888. 

1889  . 

1890. 

1891  . 
Germany: 

1887. 

1888  . 

1889  . 
1890. 
1891  . 

England: 
1887. 
1888. 

1889  . 

1890  . 
1891* 

Scotland: 

1887. 

1888  . 

1889. 

1890. 

i89it 
Ireland: 

1887. 

1888  . 

1889. 

1890 . 

i89it 


Dollars. 

714,681 

622,  974 

1,950,  118 

2,018,  066 

1,  323,  991 

888,  790 
450,  008 

874.  905 

2,  366,  831 
460, 711 

927,001 

583.  270 

3,027,  810 

3,  576,  941 

91,  668 

1,  303,  127 
498,  228 

2,251,999 

4,  824,  991 

2,  042,  410 

8.575.775 
6,  276,  505 

13,  801,  936 

14,  725,  268 
8,  232,  109 

2,023,874 
I,  560,  622 

3,  113.492 
3,001,031 


Dollars. 


60 


447.  445 
47.377 


Dollars. 
9,  442,  243 
5,148.318 
I.  713.  963 

3,  065,  485 
3,  850,  664 

350,  380 

336,  327 

11,392 


65 


33 

973,  378 

19,  300 

280 

I,  164 

1,166 

37.  680 

1.255 

283,  802 
82,  933 
249,  707 
929,  106 
306,  137 

69,  405 

18,890 

9,412 

110,765 


43.  530 

17,471,763 
3.  635.  303 
6,  854,  189 
3,233,618 

12,  590,  322 

833.  231 

677,  069 

10 

7,926 

295.  553 

33,  331,  307 
17,  185,642 

8.  934,  505 
16,  423,  235 
29,  281,  400 

3,  030,  825 
3,  724,  430 
I,  022,  840 
3,  290,  580 


1.  188,  834 
196,  677 

2,  874,  626 
5.475,913 


24,  000 


11,865,856 
14,  521,  790 
18,  132,887 
11.756,503 


Dollars. 
667,  921 
726,  640 
209,  468 
808,  071 
536,  826 

3,791 
5,983 
2,  640 
1,746 
67,  283 

1,668 

34,  322 

900 

1,664 

352.085 

216, 238 

221,078 

66,  988 

31,087 

41,  039 

21,  861,  798 

23,  439,  741 
15,203,402 
20,  264,  837 
33,781,917 

9,841,047 
II,  332,  626 

7,  536,  541 
II,  368,036 


Dollars. 

61,  119 

II,  022 

28,  702 

567,  074 

122,  061 

1.247 

1,454 

1.867 

44,919 

2,316 


Dollars. 
10,  885,  964 

6,  509,  014 

3,902,  251 

6,  906,  141 
5,  880,919 

1,  244,  208 

793.  772 
890,  804 

2,  413,  496 
573,  840 


48,338  I  18,448.835 

4,  254,  006 

9,885,002 

7.  787,  369 

13,057,398 


I,  III 
2,470 
1,768 
4,023 

68,  407 

25,827 

97,  577 

339,  442 

147,  381 

701,  819 
108,  148 

485,  872 
583,  500 
565,  442 

86, 710 

17,022 

105,  581 

279,  7" 


2,421,  283 

1,  423,  366 
2,417,740 
5,  241, 126 

2,  528, 038 

64, 754,  501 
47,  092,  969 
38,675,422 
54,  925,  946 
70,  167,  005 

15,051,  861 
i6,  653,  590 
11,787,866 
18,  050,  123 


3,  205,  908  ! 16,  260,  598 

3,035,031  12  17,753,510 

2,  845,  367     181,  986  I  24,  034,  860 

3,795,151     124,261  I  21,175,828 


■  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 


t  Not  separately  stated  for 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.                                    67 
MISCELLANEOUS  BREADSTUFF  STATISTICS— Continued. 
EXPORTS    OF    BREADSTUFFS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES  TO    EUROPE 

Continued. 


Sweden  and 
Norway 

1887  • 

1888  . 

1889  • 
i8go  . 
1891 

Spain: 
1887 


Italy: 


1890 
1891 

1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
I89I 

Netherlands 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 
Portugal 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 
Totals: 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 


Corn  and 
cornmeal. 


Oats  and 

oatmeal. 


Dollars. 

146,  289 

8,  990 

76,  652 

108,  885 

8,779 

55,  294 

175 

19,  616 

151,  580 

46,  079 

187,005 

52,  024 

III,  217 

209,  394 

65,  690 

699,  221 

488,  888 

717,  823 

I.  376,  245 

I,  004,  470 

254. 

44 

9,055 

243,  817 

16,  720,  145 
10,  738,  372 
28,  820,  232 
37,  844,  200 
13,519,724 


Dollars. 


67 


[50,  116 


1,048 
976 

185 

79,  853 
20,617 


354,  667 
104,  023 
260,  503 
752,  343 
394,  686 


Wheat. 


22,  460 

'    8,387 

2,  333.  105 

1,  286,  979 

30 

31,  730 

1,178 

2,  168,  520 
185,261 


1,883,189 

1,  892,  773 

49,  615 
305,  283 
412,436 

3,660,995 
3,  835,  603 
1,871,726 

2,  520,  410 

3,  428,  696 

86,371,414 
52,451,955 

38,591.157 
40,  634,  770 
47,  912,  566 


Wheat  flour. 


Dollars. 

53.  770 
91.  095 
31,  534 
60,  416 
46, 718 

II,  200 

2,545 


1.735 
5,965 

2,080 


170 
1.243 


1.487.475 
856,  124 

484.  295 
2,438,681 
I.  364,  519 

88,083 
168,  003 
96,  879 
79.  821 
29.  543 

37,  440,  979 
39,913,188 
26,  478,  184 
38,852,488 
36,  225,  895 


Other  bread- 

stuflFs  and 
food  prepa- 
rations. 


Dollars. 

233 

713 

1,342 

1.946 

1,807 

1,796 
I,  069 

504 
19 

200 

1 10 

228 

1,132 

13.637 

456 

13.427 
17,  300 
II,  669 

49.  593 
15,314 

2,864 
826 
326 
480 

1.235 

986,  070 
184,  732 
919,  028 
2,  006,  350 
860,  235 


Total. 


Dollars. 
200,  292 
123,258 
109,  528 
171,247 

65,  691 

2,  401,  395  ,. 

1,  290,  768 

20,  150 

185,064 

53,522 

2,  357,  782 
237.513 
112,  519 

374, 390 

66,  146 

4,  084,  360 

3,  256,  061 
1.263,587 
4,249,655' 
2,817,356 

3,  752.  196 

4,  004,  443 

1,  968,  975 

2,  609,  766 

3,  703.  291 

141,873,275 
103,  392,  270 

95,  069,  104 
124,099,151 

98,  913,  106 


68 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


The  exports  of  breadstufFs  from  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1890-91  were  as  follows: 


Articles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Barley .... 

Corn 

bushels., 

do 

973,  062 

30,  768,  213 

318.329 

953,  010 

7,  736,  873 

332,  739 

4,254 

55,131,948 

11,344,304 

Dollars. 
669,  203 
17,652,687 

946,  977 

405.  708 
221,316 

Corn  meal 

Oats 

barrels. . 

Oatmeal 

Rye 

pounds. . 

bushels. . 

Rve  flour 

'barrels 

18,  185 
51,420,272 
54,705,616 

Wheat 

Wheat  flour 

bushels. . 

barrels. . 



Total 

126,252,  125 

EXPORTS    OF    BREADSTUFFS    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  subjoined  tabular  statements  give  the  exports  of  the  prin- 
cipal breadstufFs  from  the  United  States  for  eleven  years  to  1891, 
inclusive,  by  the  quantity  : 

Exports  of  principal  breadstuffs  from  the  United  States  by  the  quantity  for  eleven  years. 


Year  end- 

ing June 
30— 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Oats. 

Wheat. 

flour. 

Rye. 

Barley. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

1881.... 

91,908,175 

434,  993 

402,  904 

150,  565,  477 

7,  945,  786 

1,928,437 

885,  246 

1882 

43,184,915 

288,  492 

625,  690 

95,  271,802 

5,915,686 

973,  921 

205,  930 

1883.... 

40,  586,  825 

267,  207 

461,  496 

106,  385,  828 

9,  205,  664 

2,  170,026 

433,  005 

1884 

45,  247,  490 

252, 779 

I,  760,  376 

70,  349,  012 

9,  152,  260 

6,  220,  206 

724,  955 

1885 

51,834,416 

260,  510 

4,191,692 

84,  653,  714 

10,  648,  145 

2,950,558 

629,  130 

1886.... 

63,655,433 

293,  546 

5,  672,  694 

57,  759,  209 

8,  179,  241 

196,  725 

252,  183 

1887.... 

40,  307,  252 

265,  333 

440,  283 

loi,  971,  949 

11,518,449 

357.256 

I,  305,  300 

1888.... 

24,278,417 

270,  613 

332,  564 

65,  789,  261 

11,963,574 

78,  783 

550,  884 

1889 

69,  592,  929 

312, 186 

624,  226 

46,  414, 129 

9,  374,  803 

287,  252 

I,  440,  321 

1890 

101,973,717 

361,  248 

13,692,776 

54,  387,  767 

12,231,711 

2,257,377 

1,408,311 

1891 

30,  768,  213 

318,  329 

953,010 

55,131,948 

11,344,304 

332,  739 

973,  062 

The  subjoined  tables,  from  the  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United 
States,  show  in  detail  its  breadstuff  production,  consumption,  and 
commerce  for  twenty-two  years : 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


69 


Estimated  annual  production,  acreage,  total  value,  value  per  bushel,  yield  per  acre,  and  value 
per  acre  of  the  cereal  crops  of  the  United  States,  from  i86g  to  i8(p,  inclusive. 

LFrom  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.] 
CORN. 


Calendar  year. 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 

1869 
1870 
1871 

1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 

1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889, 
1890 


Total  production. 


Bushels. 

874,  520,  000 
I,  094,  255,  000 

991,  898,  000 
I,  092,  719,  000 

932,  274,  000 

850,  148,  500 
I,  321,  069,  000 
I,  283,  827,  500 
1,342,  558,000 
1,388,  218,  750 
I,  547,  901,  790 
1,717,434,543 
I,  194,  916,  000 
I,  617,  025,  100 
I,  551,066,895 
I,  795,  528,  000 
I,  936,  176,  000 
I,  665,  441,  000 
I,  456,  161,  000 

1,  987,  790,  000 

2,  112,  892,000 
I,  489,  970,  000 


Total  area  of 
crop. 


Acre. 

37,  IQ3,  245 

38,  646,  977 
34,091,  137 
35,  526,  836 

39,  197,  148 
41,036,818 
44,  841,  371 

49.  033,  364 
50,369,  113 
51,585,000 
53,085,450 
62,  317,  842 
64,  262,  025 
65,659,545 

68,  301,  889 

69,  683,  780 
73,  130,  150 
75,  694,  208 
72,  392,  720 

75,  972,  763 
78,  326,  056 
71,  970,  763 


Total  value  of 
crop. 


Dollars. 
658,  532,  700 
601,  839,  030 
478,  275,  900 
435,  149,  290 
447,  183,020 
550,043,080 
555,445,930 
475,491,210 
480,  643,  400 

441,153,405 
580,  486,  217 
679,714,499 
759,482,170 
783,  867,  175 
658,051,485 
640,  735,  560 
635,  674,  630 
610,  311,  000 
646,  106,  770 
677,  561,  580 
597,918,829 
754,433,451 


Average 

Average 

value  per 

yield  per 

bushel. 

acre. 

Cents. 

Bushels. 

75.3 

23.6 

54-9 

28.3 

48.2 

29.1 

39-8 

30.7 

48.0 

23.8 

64.7 

20.  7 

42.0 

29.4 

37.0 

26.  I 

35.8 

26.6 

31.8 

26.9 

37.5 

29.2 

39-6 

27.6 

63.6 

18.6 

48.5 

24.6 

42.0 

22.  7 

36.0 

25.8 

33.0 

26.5 

36.6 

22.  0 

41.4 

20.  I 

34.1 

26.2 

28.3 

27.0 

50.6 

20.7 

Average 
value  of 

yield 
per  acre. 


Dollars. 

17.75 

15.57 

14.  02 

12.  24 

II. 41 

13.40 

12.38 

9.69 

9.54 

8.55 

10.93 

10.91 

11.82 

11.94 

9.63 
9.19 
8.69 
8.06 
8.93 
8.94 
7.63 
10.48 


WHEAT. 


260,  146,  900 
235,  884,  700 
230,  722,  400 
249,  997,  100 
281,  254,  700 
308,  102,  700 
292,  136,  000 
289,  856,  500 
364,  194,  146 

420,  122,400 
448,  756,  630 
498,  549.  868 
383,  280,  090 
504,185,470 

421,  086,  160 
512,  765,000 
357,  112,  000 
457,  218,  000 
456,  329,  000 
415,  868,  000 
490,  560,  000 
399,  262,  000 


19,  181,004 

18,  992,  591 

19,  943,  893 

20,  858,  359 
22,  171,  676 
24,  967,  027 
26,  381,  512 
27,627,021 
26,  277,  546 
32,  108,  560 
32,545,950 
37,986,717 
37,  709,  020 
37,  067,  194 

36,  455,  595 
39,475,885 
34,  189,  246 

36,  806,  184 

37,  641,  783 

37,  336,  138 

38,  123,  859 
36,087,  154 


244,  924,  120 

245,  865,  045 
290,411,  820 
310,  180,  375 
323,  594,  805 
291,  107,  895 
294,  580,  990 
300,  259,  300 

394,  695,  779 
326,  346,  424 
497,  030,  142 
474,  201,  850 
456,  880,  427 
445,  602,  125 
383,  649,  282 
330,  862,  260 
275,  320,  390 
314,  226,  020 
310,  612,  960 
385,  248,  030 
342,  491,  707 
334,  773,  678 


94.1 

13.5 

104.2 

12.4 

125.  8 

II.  5 

124.0 

II.  9 

115.  0 

12.7 

94.  I 

12.3 

100.  0 

II.  0 

103.  I 

10.5 

108.2 

13.9  1 

77.7 

13. 1 

no.  8 

13.8 

95.1 

13. 1 

"9.3 

10. 1 

88.4 

13.6 

91.  0 

II.  6 

65.0 

13.0 

77.0 

10.  4 

68.7 

12.4 

68.1 

12.  I 

87.3 

II.  I 

69.8 

12.9 

83.8 

II.  I 

12.  76 
12.94 
14.56 

14.87 

14-59 

11.66 

II.  16 

10.86 

15-02 

10.  16 

15.27 

12.48 

12.03 

12.01 

10.  56 

8.38 

8.05 

8.54 

8.25 

10.30 

8.98 

9.  28 


70 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Cereal  production  of  the  United  States^  etc.,  from  i86j  to  i8go — Continued. 

RYE. 


Calendar  year. 


1867* 

1868* 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881  .t 

1882  A 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1867  * 

1868* 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

i88q 

1984 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 


Total  production. 


Bushels. 
23,  184,000 
22,  504,  800 

22,  527,  900 
15,473,600 
15,365,500 

14,  888,  600 

15,  142,  000 
14,  990,  900 
17,  722,  100 

20,  374,  800 

21,  170,  100 
25,  842,  790 

23,  639,  460 

24,  540,  829 

20,  704,  950 
29,  960,  037 
28,058,  582 
28,  640,  000 

21,  756,  000 
24,  489,  000 
20,  693,  000 
28,415,000 


Total  area  of 
crop. 


A  cres. 
1,689,175 
I,  651,  321 
1,657,584 
I,  176,  137 
I,  069,  531 
I,  048,  654 

1,150,355 
I,  116,  716 

I,  359,  788 
1,468,374 
I,  412,  902 
I,  622,  700 
1,625,450 
I,  767,  619 

1,  789,  100 

2,  227,  884 
2,  314,  754 
2,  343,  963 
2,  129,  301 
2,  129,  918 
2,  053,  447 
2,  364,  805 


Total  value  of 
crop. 


Dollars. 
32,  499,  700 
28,683,677 
21,  877,  294 
12,  612,  605 
12,  145,  646 
11,363,693 

11,  548,  126 

12,  870,  411 
13,631,900 

13,  635,  826 

12,  542,  895 

13,  592,  826 

15.507,431 
18,  564,  560 
19,327,415 
18,  439,  194 
16,  300,  503 

14,  857,  040 

12,  594,  820 

13,  181,  330 
II,  283,  140 
16,  721,  869 


Average 

Average 

value  per 

yield  per 

bushel. 

acre. 

Cents. 

Bushels. 

140.  2 

13.7 

127.4 

13.6 

97.1 

13.5 

81.5 

13.  I 

79.0 

14.3 

76.3 

14.  I 

76.  2 

13-1 

85.8 

13.4 

76.9 

13.0 

66.9 

13.8 

59-2 

14.9 

52.6 

15.9 

65.6 

14.5 

75.6 

13-9 

93.3 

II.  6 

61.5 

13.4 

58.0 

12.  I 

52.0 

•    12.  2 

58.0 

10.  2 

53.8 

II.  5 

54.5 

10.  I 

58.8 

12.0 

OATS. 


Average 
value  of 

yield 
per  acre. 

Dollars. 
19.24 

17.37 
13.  20 

10.  72 

11.35 
10.  84 
10.  04 

n.  52 

10.  02 
9.28 

8.87 
8.38 

9.54 
10.  50 
10.  80 
8.28 
7.04 
6.34 
5.92 

6.  19 
5.50 
7.07 


278, 
254, 

288, 

247, 
255, 
271, 
279, 
240, 

354, 
420, 
406, 
413, 
363, 
417. 
416, 
488, 
571, 
583, 
629, 
624, 

659, 
701, 

751, 
523, 


698,-000 
060,  800 
334,000 
277,  400 
743,000 
747,000 
340,  000 
369,  000 
317,500 
884,  000 
394,  000 
578,  560 
761,  320 
885,380 
481,  000 
250,  610 
302,  400 
628,  000 
409,  000 
134,000 
618,  000 
735,  000 
515,000 
621,  000 


10,  746,  416 
9,  668,  736 
9,461,441 
8,  792,  395 

8,  365,  809 

9,  000,  769 
9,751,700 

10,  897,  412 
11,915,075 
13,358,908 

12,  826,  148 

13,  176,  500 
12,683,  500 
16,187,977 
16,  831,  600 
18,  494,  691 

20,  324,  962 

21,  300,  917 

22,  783,  630 

23,  658,  474 

25,  920,  906 

26,  998,  282 

27,  462,  316 
26,  431,  369 


172,472,970 
142,  484,  910 
136,  347,  000 
107,  136,  710 
102,  570,  030 
91,315,710 
loi,  175,  750 
125,047,530 
129,499,930 
112,  865,  900 
118,  661,  550 
loi,  945,  830 
120,  533,  294 
150,  243,  555 
193,  198,  970 
182,  978,  022 
187,  040,  264 
161,  528,470 
179,  631,  860 
186,  137,  930 
200,  699,  790 
195,  424,  240 
171,  781,  008 
222,  048,  486 


61.9 

1 
25.9 

55.9 

26.3 

47.6 

30.4 

43.3 

28.1 

40.  I 

30.5 

33.6 

30.1 

37.4 

27.7 

52.0 

22.0 

36.5 

29.7 

35.1 

24.  0 

29.  2 

31.6 

24.6 

31.4 

33.1 

38.7 

36.  0 

25.8 

46.4 

24.7 

37.5 

26.4 

32.7 

28.1 

28.0 

27.4 

29.  0 

27.6 

28.8 

26.4 

30.4 

25.4 

33.3 

25-9 

22.9 

27.4 

42.4 

19.8 

16.  05 

14.74 
14.51 

12.  18 
12.26 
10.  14 
10.37 
11.47 

lo.  86 
8.44 
9.25 
7.74 
9- 50 
9.28 

11.48 
9.89 
9.  20 
7.58 
7.88 
7.87 
7.74 
7.24 
6.26 
8.40 


"  Oregon  not  included. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


7» 


Cereal  production  of  the  United  States,  etc.,  from  1867  to  i8go — Continued. 

BARLEY. 


Calendar  year. 


1867* 
1868* 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875- 
1876. 

1877. 
1878. 

1879. 
1880. 

1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 


Total  production. 


Bushels. 

25,  727,  000 
22,  896,  100 
28,  652,  200 

26,  295,  400 
26,  718,  500 
26,  846,  400 
32,  044,  491 
32,  552,  500 
36,  908,  600 
38,  710,  500 
34,441,400 
42,  245,  630 

40,  283,  100 
45,165,346 

41,  161,330 
48,  952,  926 
50,  136,  097 
61,  203,  000 
58,  360,  000 
59,428,  000 
56,812,000 
63,  884,  000 


Total  area  of 
crop. 


A  cres. 
1,131,217 

937,  498 
1,025,795 
I,  108,  924 
I,  177,  666 
1,397,082 
I,  387,  106 
I,  580,  626 
I,  789,  902 
I,  766,  511 
1,014,  654 
I,  790,  400 
I,  680,  700 

I,  843,  329 

1,  967,  510 

2,  272,  103 
2,  379,  009 
2,  608,  818 

2,  729,  359 
2,652,957 
2,  901,  953 
2,  996,  382 


Total  value  of 
crop. 


Dollars. 

22,  850,  130 
29,  809,  931 

23,  387,  909 
22,  244,  584 

21,  541,  777 
19,837,773 

29,  333,  529 

29, 983, 769 

29,  952,  082 
25,735,  no 

22,  028,  644 
24,483,315 

23,  714,  444 

30,  090,  742 
33,862,513 

30,  768,  015 
29,  420,  423 

29,  779,  179 
32,  867,  696 

31,  840,  510 
29,  464,  390 

37,  672,  032 


Average 

Average 
yield 

value  per 

bushel. 

per  acre. 

Cents. 

Bushels. 

88.8 

22.  7 

130.  2 

24.4 

81.6 

27.9 

84.5 

23.7 

80.6 

22.6 

73.9 

19.2 

91-5 

23.  I 

92.1 

20.6 

81.3 

20.6 

66.4 

21.9 

64.  0 

21.3 

58.0 

23.6 

58.9 

24.0 

66.6 

24.5 

82.3 

20.9 

62.9 

21.5 

58.7 

21.  I 

49.0 

23.5 

56.  0 

21.4 

53.6 

22.  4 

51-9 

19.6 

59- 0 

21.3 

A  verage 
value  of 

yield 
per  acre. 


Dollars. 
20.  00 

31-79 
22.79 
20.  05 
18.29 
14.  20 
21.15 
18.97 
16.73 

14-57 
13.64 
13.67 
14.  II 
16.32 
17.  21 

13-54 
12.38 
11.42 
12.  04 
12.00 
10.15 
12.57 


BUCKWHEAT. 


1867* 
1868* 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 


21,  359,  000 

19,  863,  700 

17,431,  100 

9,  841,  500 

8,  328,  700 

8,  133,  500 

7,  837,  700 

8,  016,  600 
10,  082,  100 

9,  668,  800 

10,  177,000 

12,  246,  820 

13,  140,  000 

14,617,535 
9,  486,  200 

11,019,353 
7,  668,  954 

11,  116,  000 

12,  626,  000 

11,  869,  000 
10,  844,  000 

12,  050,  000 


I,  227,  826 
I,  113,993 
I,  028,  693 
536,  992 
413,915 
448,  497 
454,  152 
452,  590 
575,530 
666,  441 

649,  923 
673,  100 
639,  900 
822,  802 
828,815 
847,  112 
857,  349 
879,  403 
914,  394 
917,915 
910,  506 
912,  630 


23,  469,  650 

20,  814,  315 

15,814,265 

7,  725,  044 

6,  900,  268 

6,  747,  618 

6,  382,  043 
6,477,885 

7,  166,  267 
7,021,  498 
6,  998,  810 
6,454,  120 
7,856,  191 
8,682,488 

8,  205,  705 
8,  038,  862 
6,  303,  980 
6,  549,  020 

7,057,363 
6,  465,  120 

6,  122,  320 

7,  627,  647 


109.9 

17.4 

104.  8 

17.8 

90,7 

16.  9 

78.4 

18.3 

82.8 

20.  I 

82.9 

18.  I 

81.4 

17.2 

80.8 

17.7 

71.0 

17.5 

72.6 

14-5 

68.7 

15.6 

52.7 

18.2 

59-8 

20.  5 

59-4 

17.7 

86.5 

11.4 

73- 0 

13-0 

82.0 

8.9 

59-0 

12.6 

56.  0 

13.8 

54-5 

12.9 

65.5 

II.  9 

63.3 

13-2 

19.  II 

18.68 
15-37 
14.38 
16.67 
15.04 
14.05 
14-31 
12.45 
10.53 

10.  76 

9-59 
12.28 


55 

90 

49 

35 

45 

72 

7-04 

6.72 

8.36 


Oregon  not  included. 


72  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Cereal  production  of  the   United  States,  etc.,  from  1867  to  i8go — Continued. 
RECAPITULATION. 


Calendar  year. 


1867* 
1868* 
1869. . 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872. . 
1873  • 
1874.- 
1875.- 
1876.. 

1877.. 
1878.. 
1879.. 
1880. . 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 


Total  production. 


Bushels. 
1,329,729,400 
1.450,  789,000 
I,  491,  612,  100 
I.  629,  027,  600 
I,  528,  776,  100 
I,  664,  331,  600 
I,  538,  892,  891 

1,  454,  180,  200 

2,  032,  235,  300 

1,  963,  422,  100 

2,  178,934,646 
2,  302,  254,  950 
2,  437,  482,  300 
2,  718,  193,  501 
2,  066,  029,  570 
2,  699,  394,  496 
2,629,  319,088 
2,  992,  880,  000 
3,015.439,000 
2,  842,  579,000 

2,  660,  457,  000 

3,  209,  742,  000 


Total  area  of 

Total  value  of 

crops. 

crops. 

Acres. 

Dollars. 

65,  634,  444 

I,  284,  037.  300 

66,  715,926 

I,  1 10,  500,  583 

69,457.762 

I,  101,884,  188 

69,  254,  016 

997,423,018 

65,061,951 

911,845,441 

68,  280,  197 

874,  594,  459 

74,112,137 

919,217,273 

80,  051,  289 

1,015,530.570 

86,863,  178 

1,030,277,099 

93,  920,  619 

935,  008,  844 

93,  150,286 

1,035,571-078 

100,  956,  260 

913,  975,  920 

102,  260,  950 

1,245,127.719 

120,926,286 

1,361,497,704 

123,  388,070 

I,  470,  957,  200 

126,  568,  529 

I,  469,  693,  393 

130,633,556 

I,  280,  765,  937 

136,  292,  766 

I,  184,311,  520 

135,876,080 

I,  143,  146,  759 

141.859,656 

I,  162,  161,910 

141,  821,  315 

I,  204,  289,  370 

146,  281,000 

I,  320,  255,  398 

•  Oregon  not  included. 

Note.— The  following  are  taken  as  the  weights  per  bushel  of  the  various  cereals  in  this  table:  Com,  56 
pounds ;  wheat,  60  pounds ;  rye,  56  pounds ;  oats,  3a  pounds ;  barley,  48  pounds ;  buckwheat,  48  pounds- 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


7S 


•^ 


Per  cent- 
age  ex- 
ported. 

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Year 

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June 

30- 

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74 


^ 


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1 

I 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


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age  ex- 
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BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


IS 


Quantities  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour  of  domestic  production  exported  front    the    United 
States,  by  countries,  from  i86g  to  i8gi,  inclusive. 


COUNTRIES   TO   WHICH    EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 

Belgium. 

France. 

Germany. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Whdat 

Wheat 
flour. 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876.. 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890.. 

189I 

Bushels. 
5,016 
195.  964 
942,  399 

1,  275,  lOI 

100,054 

3,  709,  694 
2,081,  744 

2,  190,  282 
I,  410,  610 

3,  633,  778 
9,  037,  297 

13,  418,016 

15,  384,  509 
8,  855,  842 

10,  290,  564 
6,  808,  449 
8,  287,  470 

4,  842,  934 
10,  498,  727 

5,925,077 
I,  835,  942 

3,  741,  303 

4,  033,  382 

Barrels. 

3,404 

15, 144 

60,  433 

4,341 

305 

72,  401 

19,418 

22,  806 

13,  325 

16,  933 

44,  437 

49,  261 

182,  545 

55,  748 

119,  869 

140,  272 

138,  405 

30,  044 

166,  414 

160,  524 

47,417 
170,094 
115,896 

Bushels. 

36,  839 

I,  012,  637 

555,263 

1,429,688 

Barrels. 
159 

34,  271 

47,  521 

247 

31 

7,  260 

I,  020 

19 
140 

445 
27,  075 

9,933 
46,  396 

4,579 
63,  223 
II,  996 

2,034 

93 

435 

8,528 

200 

283 

70,  134 

Bushels. 

21,961 

317,289 

149,  214 

290,  737 

164,  474 

886,  485 

373,  818 

516,  156 

990,  067 

33,  573 

422,  242 

I,  223,  279 

3,  029,  232 

480,  600 

I,  405,  999 

886,  096 

745,  561 

356,  352 

888,857 

768,  429 

9 

8,786 

263,  887 

Barrels. 
1,647 
7,898 
1,798 
3,364 
3,795 
21,  910 

7,929 
14,113 
10,  874 

8,261 

11,233 
11,911 

17,373 

4,893 

33,  645 

34, 062 

32,  398 

10,  535 

43,  499 

45,912 

13,  009 

6,575 

8,864 

2,  223,  366 
127,  009 
521,041 
874,  642 

4,  337,  091 

42,  147,  558 

43,  601,  291 
29,440,418 
11,225,848 
15,096,  712 

8,385,155 
8,565,129 

2,  014,  404 
19,  546,  090 

4,  212,  947 
7,655,176 

3,  846,  505 
13,  843,  054 

76  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  7uheat  and  wheat  Jlour  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES  TO   WHICH   EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 
June  30— 

Netherlands. 

Portugal. 

Spain. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

1869 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

789 

14,455 

2,  on 
I,  148 

674 

26,  389 
2,031 

488 

327 
1,498 
7,660 

29,  929 
253,625 
109,  281 
161,  637 

139,  233 
150,009 

92,  296 
308,  313 
176,  195 

92,  260 
4^4,  108 
292,  034 

Bushels. 

120,  880 

701,  825 

475,  856 

426,  884 

131,  129 

300,  301 

1,595,014 

1,412,988 

1,013,302 

2,  178,  366 

3,174,611 

2,  196,  724 

2,493,418 

2,  508,  364 

3,  490,  560 
3,355,292 

3,  763,  826 
3,552,850 

4,  on,  406 

4,276,519 
I,  906,  732 
2,812,483 
3,  124,  648 

Barrels. 
6,530 
13,678 
8,509 
4,648 
1,970 

886 
11,941 
12,885 

8,270 
16,  612 
18,588 

4,829 
12,  698 

6,077 

3,627 

4,465 
II,  126 

7,472 
21,  723 
42,  493 
22,005 
21,  409 

5,730 

Bushels. 
45,  233 
15,  960 

121,145 

800 

7,508 

5,083 

23,608 

Barrels. 
19,  444 

4,971 
8,  119 
250 
800 
5,009 
I,  120 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

71,068 

186,  885 

244,  117 

583,  508 

3,  160,  435 

1,572,098 

2,  380,  260 

420,  031 

1,  183,  759 

2,  406,  231 

3,  345.  873 
7.  361,  690 

1,  288,  972 

2,  293,  171 

1,  065,  909 

2,  065,  507 
672,  175 

2,  095,  633 

2,  256,  761 

56,  931 

385, 170 

380,  245 

1877 

34,  519 

53,390 

1,799,497 

679,  121 
29,  861 

620,  451 

1,  712,  504 

64,  980 

606,  885 

1,008,958 

2,  483,  664 
I,  453,  649 

30 

34,800 

I,  070 

1878 

1879.  .•..•.. 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1,  123 
46,  121 
10,  012 

1,489 
.  I,  824 

2,  181 

50 

1886 

1887 

1888 

i88q 

20a 

2,557 
570 

1890 

1891 

400 
1,150 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  77 

Quantities  of  wheat  and  wheat  Jloiir  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES   TO    WHICH    EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 

United  K 

'ingdom. 

Other  Europe. 

Total  Europe. 

June  30 — 

Wheat. 

Wheat  flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Bushels. 

Barrets. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

1869 

1870 

13,356,550 
27,  787,  609 

407,  082 
I,  188,951 

14,  602 
9,119 

13,  586,  479 
30,  102,  902 

453.657 
I,  288,487 

550 

1871 

22,  488,021 

I,  227,  624 

I,  789 

14,  486 

24,  920,  572 

I,  370,  501 

1872 

1873 

1874 

19,017,411 
31,  790,  876 
51,833,278 

328,  544 

531,801 
I,  703,  984 

4.457 

2,575 
5.032 

22,  684,  738 

32,  777,  549 
62,  172,  987 

346,  999 

541,951 

1,842,871 

54,  345 

1875 

42,057,004 

1.231,324 

11,959 

6,056 

47,  842,  254 

I,  280,  839 

1876 

42,  256,  652 

1,335,185 

239.  284 

6,914 

49,516,663 

1,392,410 

1877 

31,  202,  296 

918,  283 

45,  293 

5,446 

35,  990,  760 

956,  665 

1878 

54,  664,  732 

1,615,479 

203,  966 

15,177 

66,  288,  655 

1,675.528 

1879 

57,  419,  292 

2,  629,  665 

395,  605 

71.333 

116,802,333 

2,856,  112 

1880 

79,  068,  075 

3.  645,  952 

1,305,  858 

15.461 

144.  838,  237 

3.  777.  288 

1881 

82,  550,921 

4,610,415 

I,  290,  893 

23,007 

141,  580,  942 

5.  147.  548 

1882 

65,  600,  582 

3,  289,  909 

681,441 

9.591 

91,262,  100 

3,481,902 

1883 

65,  266,  803 

5,717,429 

942,  347 

23.  825 

100,  498,  660 

6,  125,436 

1884 

44,761,690 

5,  583,  843 

544,  148 

17,642 

65.871,719 

5.931.563 

1885 

56,  532,002 

6,  807,  538 

810,  182 

45.  405 

81,376,562 

7,186,915 

.1886 

40,  678,  739 

4,  914,  782 

1,661,466 

15.276 

54.  787,  878 

5,  070,  698 

-1887 

54,352,915 

7,632,071 

2,  947,  438 

30,  066 

96,  824,  730 

8,  205,  078 

1888 

41,  332,  300 

8,  070,  490 

707,  984 

32,  097 

60,  933,  666 

8,  536,  809 

1889 

31,  568,  536 

5,  271,  344 

67,  836 

17.575 

43,  091,  192 

5,463,810 

1890 

38,  240,  523 

7,  423.  988 

124,  988 

28,  431 

49,  194,  558 

8,  145.  288 

1891 

29,  820,  650 

7, 037,  420 

46,  367 

31,  790 

51,513.303 

7,  563,018 

yS  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  to  heat  and  wheat  Jlour  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES  TO    WHICH    EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 
June  30- 

British  North  American 
Possessions. 

Mexico. 

West  Indies. 

Wheat. 

Wheat  flour. 

Barrels. 
502,  679 
532,  260 

666,  842 

530,  088 

435.  435 
441.  526 

584.  385 
538,  241 
640,  801 
423.  331 
504.  920 
277,  666 
477,  885 
373.  078 
559.075 
850,  184 
815,970 
507.  297 
550,  698 
572,  161 
933. 354 
839.  296 
447,  648 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

Wheat. 

Wheat 
flour. 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

189I 

Bushels. 
3,  383.  277 
6,259.133 
9,340,  178 

3.  711.  542 

6,  306,  840 

8,721,303 
5,032,981 
5.  530,  637 

4.  142,  424 

5.  679,  107 
5.  204,  033 

7,  920,  248 

8,  772,  993 

3.  163,  971 
5.331.935 

4,  380,  987 

3.  164.  274 
2,  507,  495 

4,  679,  169 
4,  524,  849 
1,851,925 
2,  292,  716 
2,  593,  093 

Bushels. 
234 
66 
6,872 

Barrels. 
31,611 
29,  930 
28,  501 
28,  764 
14,715 

6,028 
13,668 
15,  048 
11,188 
21,  381 
19,  967 

9,299 
11.657 
11,938 
21.513 
21,  672 
18,  165 
18,  780 

23,  218 

24,  282 

32,114 
31,  lOI 

37.  584 

Bushels. 

*9.  410 
*24,  500 

*i7,44i 

*IIO 

t54.  333 

t3,  005 

1:27.  809 

t24, 583 

1:37,  296 

t30,  386 

20,  524 

49.  420 

25,  356 

53.019 

89,  659 

43.  873 

I.  831 

5.685 

3,243 

28,  847 

23,  648 

35,  102 

162,819 

Barrels. 
692,  292 
819,113 
857.433 
552.634 
719,  206 
873.  931 

888,  658 

921,  496 

744,  005 

628, 160 

810,  434 

757.432 

926,  958 

702,  750 

952,  741 

877,817 

962,  144 

1,025,  721 

977.  609 

I,  181,038 

I,  171,  281 

1,226,  888 

I,  186,  833 

4 

30,  330 

9 

17,091 

5.087 

165 

107 

4,663 

1.384 

34 

71 

487 

30 

3,307 

2,  280 

2,327 
7,509 

♦Includes  all  French  Possessions  in  America,  British  Guiana,  British  Honduras,  Dutch  Guiana,  and 
Denmark, 
t  Includes  French  Guiana,  Dutch  Guiana,  British  Honduras,  and  Denmark, 
%  Includes  French  Guiana.  Dutch  Guiana,  and  British  Honduras. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  •  79 

Quantities  of  lu heat  and  wheat  Jlour  of  domestic  production  exported^  etc. — Continued. 


Year  ending 
June  30— 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
189I 


COUNTRIES   TO    WHICH    EXPORTED. 


Central  America. 


Wheat.       Wheat  flour. 


Bushels. 
632 


125 
136 

U633 


168 

4 
160 
42,  383 
35.  696 
25,  448 
22,  249 
45.  920 
42, 753 
44.  929 
25.855 
38,  496 
56,  113 
53.  049 

56,  215 

57,  896 


Barrels. 

34.  485 
18,  235 
33.611 

48,  702 
42,  329 

49,  072 
64.  137 
57.  125 
51.  811 
73.  949 
93.  772 

115.855 
111,255 

98.  159 
114.329  i 
119,  786  ; 
107,  707  j 
128,087  I 
137.  685  I 
164,  889  I 
163,  604 
180, 091 
228,  397  j 


Brazil. 


Wheat. 


Bushels. 
10,  211 


3 
52,  523 


18,  201 

109 

47,410 


23.  861 

4.995 

41.913 

149 

415.  507 
768,  234 
580,  127 


Wheat  flour. 


800 

999 
II 


Barrels. 
384.  134 
376,  217 

455.  673 
382, 216 
408,  648 
531,379 
599.  832 
536,  180 
482,  209 
616,  132 
717,377 
537.914 

677,  702 
618,  908 

739.441 
649,  017 
674,  230 
542,  499 
748.  937 
584.  670 

678,  972 
687,  342 
722,  369 


Other  South  America. 


Wheat. 


Bushels. 
51,932 
36,516 

21,579 

22,  566 

32,  894 

60,  869 

55.442 

644 

38,  250 

156,687 

178,565 

362,  291 

99.  059 
7,981 
3.265 
1.584 
3,372 
2,376 

87,  169 
194,  971 

398,  314 
919,  099 
121,  187 


Wheat  flour. 


Barrels. 
70,  723 
103,  647 
115,146 
114,568 
181,293 
205,  677 
340,  509- 
278,  164 
216,  632 
263,  326 
285,925 
256,  909= 
276,  721 
282,  178 
298,  781 
308,  173 

355,  002 
339.  575 
342,  894 
393.  410 
389.  195 
455.733 
464,  033 


8o-  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  wheat  and  wheat  Jlour  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


Vear  ending 
June  30— 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 

1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 


COUNTRIES   TO   WHICH    EXPORTED. 


Asia  and  Oceanica. 


Wheat.       Wheat  flour 


Bushels. 
484,851 

157,915 
4,191 

3,999 

27,  326 

44,  802 

76,  833 

427 

107,  149 

11,145 

8,  428 

24,  647 

6,259 

247,  007 

28,  969 
7,  010 

34,  652 
301,  934 
134,  850 

12,  759 
574,  686 

81,711 
I,  890 


Barrels. 
214,  998 
286,  395 
121,  031 
200,  979 
202,  160 
130,  441 

178,  795 
177,119 
222,  141 
209,  447 
298,  504 
254,  460 
285.433 
325,  249 
350,  305 
363,  159 
497,  927 

517,  509 
501,456 
476.  413 

518,  512 
636,  827 
611,  066 


All  other  countries. 


Total. 


Wheat. 


Bushels. 
31,442 
2,451 

73 


3,403 


11,847 


9,716 
169,  207 

92,  583 

22,  091 

37,112 

510,  703 

338,  626 

I,  052 

4,  162 

122,  504 

162,  349 

34,600 

3.528 

37,  805 

94,  124 


Wheat  flour. 


Barrels. 

47,  294 

9,049 

5.  103 

9,585 

16,  349 

13,  169 

22,  305 
19,  729 
18,213 
36,  079 
42,  703 
24,  596 
30,  627 
21,524 
44,  043 
30,  889 
30,  085 

29,  075 

30,  874 
29,  902 

23,  961 
29,  145 
83,  356 


Wheat.         I  Wheat  flour. 


Bushels. 
17,557,836 
36,584,115 

34,  310,  906 
26,  423,  080 

39,  204,  285 
61,  039,  928 
53,047,177 
55,073,122 

40,  325,  611 
72,  404,  961 

122,353,936 
153,  252,  795 

150,565.477 
95,  271,  802 

106,  385,  828 
70,  349,  o;2 
84,  653,  714 
57,  759,  209 

101,971,949 
65,  789,  261 
46, 414,  129 

54,  387,  767 
55.131,948 


Barrels. 
2,431,873 

3,  463.  333 

3,  653,  841 

2,514,535 

2,  562,  086 

4,  094,  094 

3.  973,  128 
3,935,512 
3,  343,  665 
3,  947,  333 

5,  629,  714 

6,  on,  419 

7,  945,  786 
5,915,686 
9,  205,  664 
9,  152,  260 

10,  648,  145 

8,  179,  241 
11,518,449 
11,963,574 

9,  374,  803 
12,  231,  711 
11,344,304 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


81 


Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  meal  of  domestic  production  exported  from  the  United  States, 
by  countries,  from  j86g  to  i8go,  inclusive. 


Year     ending 
June  30 — 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 

1879 
1880 

1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 


1890 
189I 


COUNTRIES  TO   WHICH    EXPORTED. 


Belgium. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 


II,  271 

1,677 

42,  974 

84,  798 

137.500 

2,  500 

315,  308 

904,  614 

1,341,946 

2,  474,  934 
2,  786,  685 
1,039,  613 
427.  355 
544.  876 
I,  469,  840 
1,571.438 
I,  474.  283 

1,  117,  769 
4,  009,  886 

4.  793.  323 

2,  356,  012 


Corn  meal.! 


Barrels. 
20 


189 

982 

794 
100 

499 

4 

65 

247 

4 
207 

743 
720 


France. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 

54.  849 

237 

•77.671 

161,  496 

134,  933 

452,  951 

346,  456 

246,  629 

1,363.  281 

2,  872,  784 

2,  564,  226 

8.  573,  845 

4.  987.  985 

I,  344,  970 

1,617,  903 

1,  350,  807 

2,  880,  532 
7,  776,  482 
1.958,750 
I.  135.  861 
6,  564,  952 
8,481,  129 

152,  177 


Corn  meal. 


Barrels. 
10 


30 


125 
367 
127 
112 
26 


60 


140 


Germany. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 
119.  523 

42,  570 
113.728 
736,  914 
362,  550 
825,  620 
957.  322 
741,  176 

2,  136,  388 
I,  968,  879 

3.  894.  311 
7.  589,  858 

10,  320,  247 

3,  647.  878 

1,  869,  271 

4,  228,  483 
4,371.471 
4,365,419 

2,  638,  167 
937,  627 

4,  608,  481 
11,419,063 

3,  745,  574 


Corn  meal. 


Barrels 
232 


25 

140 

36 


10 
401 
904 

90 


I,  219 
350 


46 

105 

1,987 

72 

I 


Bull.  35- 


82  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  vieal  of  domestic  production  exported^  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES  TO  WHICH   EXPORTED. 

Year     ending 
June  30— 

Netherlands. 

Portugal. 

Spain. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

1869 

1870 

Bushels. 
100 

Barrels. 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 
25 

Bushels. 

291 

564 

2,465 

8.955 

10,  643 

520 

400 

42.552 

78,018 

loi,  498 

407,  478 

2,  886,  908 

304,  183 

43,  543 

266,  103 

105,  197 
109,  824 
285,  925 
109,  794 
200 
36.  346 
350,  574 
106, 159 

Barrels. 

302 

1871 

I 


520 
16,  150 
26,  203 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

27.  892 

50,  536 

51.718 

71.517 

22,  504 

149,  612 

454,  968 

464,  084 

I.  175.  582 

3,  614.  340 

619,  292 

600,  675 

1,216,  271 

I,  168,  349 

I,  980,  537 

1,453,066 

872,  485 

I,  468,  038 

3.  367.  423 

I,  750,  191 

I 

100 

325 
200 

666,  345 

216,  934 

22,  823 

1,  343,  269 

2,  037,  690 
514,  106 
272,  962 
441,  708 
180,  679 

95,  407 
15.444 

7 

1878 

4 

1879 

1880 

6 

1,408 
629 
130 
120 

4 
3 

1881 

1882 

378 

3,347 

50 

43 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886.. 

530 

3 
108 

3 
II 

1887 

no 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

358 
100 
459 

20,  000 

378,  572 

BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  83 

Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  meal  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES     TO    WHICH    EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 
June  30— 

United  Kingdom, 

Other  Europe. 

Total  Europe. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Com  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874. 

1875 

1876 

1877 •• 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1-886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

Bushels. 

4.  257.  591 

40,900 

5,  905,  445 

25.  779.  331 

29.  334.  759 

26,  299,  323 

23.  387.  367 
42,452,240 
55,  466,  435 
65.915.851 
64,506,311 
55.635.347 
53,014,142 
28,  664,  924 

30,  010,  671 

26,436,771 
32,  298,  606 
37,  871,  149 

24,  265,  983 
14,  259,  487 
41,096,727 
54,  601,  034 
14,  131,  181 

Barrels. 
4,304 
6,363 
1,220 

1.757 

935 

1,757 

4,016 

279 

9,492 

7,088 

4,808 

17,434 

8,879 

1,070 

6,  242 

5.032 

1,652 

713 

403 

4,5-50 

1,274 

14,  041 

19,  990 

Bushels. 

8,321 

403 

350 

24,  349 

20,  472 

257,  078 

60,  317 

205,  855 

1,252,719 
3,861,314 

2,415.697 

8,  907,  793 
6,  448,  772 
2,  096,  018 

899,  801 
2,  176,  065 
2,  743,  150 
2,  088,  671 
2,  558,  842 

913,  812 
2,  259,  421 
6,  630,  143 

913.  361 

Barrels. 

50 

50 

625 

70 

141 

5,545 

'"■'i,'638* 

875 
247 
I,  152 
181 
291 
164 

295 
460 
190 
346 
317 
185 
181 
827 

Bushels. 
4,  440,  675 

84,  674 
6,  III,  450 

26,  756,  764 
29,  983,  070 

27,  972,  008 
24.  960,  879 

44,  379,  801 
60,  978,  695 
76,  102,  731 
76,  937,  322 
89.281,957 
81,990,460 
37,  729,  200 
36,133,487 
36,  239,  149 

45,  137,  179 
55,955,065 
34,458,885 
19,  237,  241 
60,043,851 
89,  662,  689 
23,533,227 

Barrels. 
4,641 
6,705 
1,876 

1,859 

1,343 

7,663 

4,228 

1,942 

10,  780 

8,343 

7,494 

18,437 

12,  007 

6,  212 

6,814 

6,  192 

2,507 

3,114 

1,317 

4,743 

2,031 

16,  851 

21,  171 

84  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  tneal  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued, 


COUNTRIES    TO   WHICH   EXPORTBD. 

Year  ending 
June  30— 

British  Possessions  in  North 
America. 

Mexico. 

West  Indies. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Com. 

Corn  meal. 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883.... 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

189I 

Bushels. 
2,  168,  144 
729,  630 

2,  970,  733 
7,  329,  098 
7,623,255 

5,  348,  938 

3,  292,  780 

4,  033,  062 
9,038,881 
7,  633,  468 
7,297,027 

7,  187,  203 

8,  127,  809 
3,  890,  719 
3,  195,  997 

6,  384,  873 

3,  483,  705 

5,  474,  640 

4,  109,  226 
4,089,447 

8,  074,  990 

9,  694,  169 

5,  023,  841 

Barrels. 
126,  218 

39.  749 
69,  287 
146,  121 
197,  070 
183,  328 
129,  124 
154,  907 
271,  820 
232,  047 
211,927 
169,  131 
182, 731 
127,852 
121,000 
112,207 

io6,  528 
120,  117 
132,653 
135,  523 
159,  347 
188,411 
122,  682 

Bushels. 
72,216 
62,  859 

173,  585 

21,039 

104,  146 

55,881 

9,862 

93,  487 

64,  776 

288,  109 

126,613 

85,  702 

352,510 

419,  263 

476,  453 

I,  994,  776 

2,058,937 

I,  263,  953 

894,  496 

216,  468 

434,  997 
961,458 
615,332 

Barrels. 

7 

102 

29 

304 

87 

221 

187 

109 

548 

505 

690 

182 

161 

I,  560 

1,919 

2,445 

1.089 

1,386 

901 

799 
1,202 
2,256 

Bushels. 

*  335.  439 
*448.  198 

*  549,  288 

*  325,  487 
t  719,  617 
t  933,  667 
1519,284 
X  847,  280 

1:597,855 

1:690,055 

I,  293,  790 

956,  368 

887,  146 

833,  210 

576,978 

513,  109 

630,  935 

589,  706 

713,  861 

516,964 

620,  263 

1, 193,  807 

993,  633 

Barrels. 
176,  884 

139,  368 

140,  133 
159,  220 
189,  725 
181,021 

143,  144 
181,758 
137,  440 
174,453 
162,  660 
147,  285 
217,889 
143,  971 
125,871 
122,818 
135,  868 
157,448 
121,313 
116,888 
140,  682 
146,  028 
161,  393 

*  Includes  all  French  Possessions  in  America,  British  Guiana,  British  Honduras,  Dutch  Guiana,  and 
Denmark, 
t  Includes  French  Guiana,  Dutch  Guiana,  British  Honduras,  and  Denmark. 
$  Includes  French  Guiana,  Dutch  Guiana,  and  British  Honduras. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA.  85 

Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  meal  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


COUNTRIES  TO   WHICH    EXPORTED. 

Year  ending 
June  30 — 

Central  America. 

Brazil. 

Other  South  America. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

Corn. 

Corn  meal. 

1869 

Bushels. 

Barrels. 

120 

294 

4 

396 

61 

208 

22 

77 

33 

175 

185 

135 

561 

160 

211 

124 

124 

232 

144 

516 

603 

563 

387 

Bushels. 

3,  000 

46,  992 

600 

8,788 

29,  270 

12,  202 

14,  838 

45.  163 
2,410 

167, 154 

21,  680 

62,  720 

326 

Barrels. 
240 

55 
60 

4 

112 

241 

80 

42 

62 

2, 100 

150 

2 

10 

Bushels. 
21,  171 
18,955 
17,400 
48,  328 

54.  113 

73.211 

58,  185 

82,455 

172,857 

263,  144 

197,  946 

165.  195 

406,  286 

281.  347 

102,  191 

80,  703 

■475.  455 

259,  628 

61,  270 

60,  174 

294,  482 

281,  610 

230,  036 

Barrels. 

485 

440 

191 

I,  104 

13.  996 

14.  845 
14.  133 
14. 540 

9,  266 
12,977 
10,  999 
13,610 

19.  977 
9.185 

10,  693 
8,  920 

11,988 
9,230 
7,  160 

11,089 

6,959 
6,815 
8,280 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

i«76 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 ....... 

1882 

260 
205 

I.  183 
10,  744 

8.394 
392 

5.683 

1.479 

2,929 

18,  no 
107,  821 

13.  743 

14.  829 
36,  291 

6,  526 
7.779 
12,  991 
39.  693 
95.731 
18,  805 
82,  054 
186.816 

1883 

35 

9 

13 

52 

25 

115 

869 

179 

23 

1884 

1885 

10 

i«86 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

202 
3.256 

453 
51.152 
38,  985 
10,  341 

86  BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Quantities  of  corn  and  corn  meal  of  domestic  production  exported,  etc. — Continued. 


Year  ending 
June  30— 


1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 


1890 
189I 


COUNTRIES   TO   WHICH    EXPORTED. 


Oceanica. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 


925 
314 
048 
850 
876 
845 


496 

537 

21,323 

18,  302 
8,264 
9,461 
8,632 

22,575 
24,  cx)7 

19,  005 

20,  426 
55,874 
47,  349 
51,371 
20,  679 


Corn  meal. 


Barrtls. 

239 

77 

4 

278 

33 
480 
250 

1,450 
5 
347 
627 
803 
667 
262 
119 
164 

1,380 
331 


All  other  countries. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 

27 
233 


"3 

16,  839 

29,  460 

2,  200 

6,  641 

3,534 

312,971 

382,  441 

304,  609 

121,631 

6,886 

56,  796 

5,769 

16,419 

80,  243 

6,138 

6,065 

7,040 

7,574 

154,  308 


Corn  meal. 


Barrels. 
498 
241 


103 
222 
381 
222 

537 
305 
2,  105 
2,893 
696 
833 
734 
761 

471 

873 

884 

1,004 

838 

896 

I.  199 

2,137 


Total. 


Corn. 


Bushels. 

7,  047.  197 

1,392,115 
9,  826,  309 
34,491,650 
38,541,930 
34,  434,  606 
28,  858,420 
49,493,572 
70,  860,  983 

85,  461,098 

86,  296,  252 
98,  169,  877 
91.  908,  175 
43,184,915 
40,  586,  825 

45,  247,  490 
51,834,416 

63,655,433 
40,  307,  252 
24,278,417 
69,  592,  929 
101,973,717 
30,  768,  213 


Com  meal. 


Barrels. 
309,  867 
187,093 
211, 811 
308,  840 
403,  III 
387,  807 
291,  654 

354,  240 
447,  907 
432,  753 
397,  160 
350,613 

434.  993 
288,  942 
267,  207 
252,  779 
260,  510 
293,  546 
265.  333 
270,  613 
312,  186 
361.  248 
318,329 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 
UNITED    STATES. 


87 


PRODUCTION    OF   BREADSTUFFS    IN   THE   UNITED    STATES. 

The  production  in  bushels  and  the  values  of  the  principal  bread- 
stuffs  in  the  United  States  for  ten  years  is  indicated  in  the  state- 
ment below,  from  reports  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture : 


V».or 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

♦ 

Production. 

Value. 

Production. 

Value. 

I88I 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
I89I 

Bushels. 
I,  194,916,000 
I,  617,  025,  100 
I,  551,066,895 
1,795,528,000 
1,936,  176,000 
1,665,441,000 
I,  456,  161,  000 

1,  987,  790,  000 

2,  112,892,000 
1,489,970,000 
2,  060,  154,  000 

! 

Dollars. 
759.482,170 

783,867.175 
658,051,485 
640,  735.  560 
635,  674,  360 
610,  311,000 
646,  106,  770 
677,  561,  580 
597,  918,  829 

754.433,451 
836,  439,  228 

Bushels. 
383,  280,  090 
504,185,470 
421,086,460 
512,  765,  000 
357,  112,000 
457,218,000 
456,  329,  000 
415,868,000 
490,  560,  000 
399,  262,  000 
611.  780,000 

Dollars. 
456,  880,  427 
444.  602,  125 
383,  649,  272 
330,  862,  260 
275,  320,  390 
314,  226,020 
310,  612,  960 
385,248,030 
342,  491,  707 

334.  773.  678 
513,472,711 

Year. 


881 
882 
883 
884 
885 
886 
887 
888 
889 
890 
891 


Oats. 


Production. 


Value. 


Bushels. 
416,  481,  000 
488,  250,  610 
571,  302,400 
583,  628,000 
629,  409,  000 
624,  134,  000 
659,  618,  000 
701,  735,  000 
751,515,000 
523,  621,  000 
738,  394,  000 


Dollars. 
193,  198,  970 
182,978,022 
187,  040,  264 
161,  528,  470 
179,  631,  860 
186,  137.930 
200,  699,  790 
195,  424,  240 
171,  781,008 
222,  048,  486 
232,  312,  267 


Rye. 


Production. 


Value. 


Bushels. 

20,  704,  950 
29,  960,  037 
28,058,  582 
28,  640,  000 

21,  756,  000 
24,  489,  000 
20,  693,  000 
28,  415,000 


Dollars. 
19,327.415 
18,439.194 
16,  300,  503 
14,  857,040 

12,  594,  820 

13,  181,  330 
II,  283,  140 
16,  721,  869 


88 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LANIN    AMERICA. 


The  total  wheat  production  of  the  world  for   1889,  1890,  and 
1891  is  indicated  in  the  following  tabular  statements: 

The  world's  wheat  crop  for  i88g. 
[From  Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,] 


Countries. 


North  America: 

United  States 

Canada: 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Other  provinces. 


South  America: 

Argentine  Republic 

Chile 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary: 

Austria , . . 

Hungary 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland: 

Great  Britain 

Ireland 

Greece 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Russia 

Servia 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway: 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey  and  dependencies 


Asia: 


India 

Asia  Minor. 
Persia  . . . . 
Syria 


Africa: 

Algeria 

Egypt 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


Australasia 

Grand  total  for  the  world 


Foreign  measure. 


Denomination. 


Imp.  bushels, 
...do  


Hectoliters 
...do  


Quintals. . . 
Hectoliters 


Imp.  bushels 
Cwts 


Hectoliters 

...do  

...do  

...do  

Chetverts . . 


Hectoliters 

Hectoliters 
...do    .... 

...do  

...do  


Tons 

Hectoliters. 

...do  

...do  


Hectoliters 
...do  


Number  of  units. 


18,  699,  572 
7,201,519 


4,000,  000 
4,  500,  000 


25,  588,406 


I,  460,  2] 


73,  267,  007 
1,436,  163 


36,  592,  900 

2,  000,  000 

3,000,  000 

15,783,208 

31,  654,  800 


26,651,000 

1,  306,  800 
100,  000 
800,000 

14,  000,  000 

6,510,979 

13,  000,  000 

8,000,000 

4,  500,  000 

8,000,000 

2,  800,  000 


Winchester 
bushels. 


490,  560,  000 

19,  288,  983 
7,428,511 
4,  500,  000 


521,777,494 


11,  350,  000 

12,  768,  750. 


24,  118,  750 


42,  000,  000 

94,  020,  333 

19,  000,  000 

5,  000,  000 

316,  268,  369 

82,  000,  000 

75.  576,  383 

2,  680,  838 
5,  000,  000 

103,  832,  354 

5,  675,  000 

8,  512,  500 

44,  784,  853 

188,535.989 

5,  000,  000 

75,622,213 

3,  708,  045 
283,  750 

2,  270,  000 
39,  725,000 


I,  119,495,627 


243.  076,  549 
36,  887,  500 
22,  500,  000 
12,  768,  750 


315,  232,  799 


22,  500,  000 
7,  945,  000 
3,  800,  000 


34,  245,  000 


26,  205,  957 


2,  041,075,  627 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

The  world's  wheat  production  in  i8go. 


89 


Countries. 


North  America: 

United  States. . , 

Canada 

Ontario. . , 

Other  provinces. 


South  America: 

Argentine  Republic , 

Chile 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary — 

Austria, , 

Hungary 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland: 

Great  Britain , 

Ireland 

Greece 

Italy 

Netherlands , 

Portugal , 

Roumania 

Russia  in  Europe  (excluding 
Poland) 

Poland 

Servia 

Spain , 

Sweden  and  Norway:. 

Sweden , 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey  and  dependencies 


ASiA: 


India 

Asia  Minor. 

Persia 

Syria 


Africa: 

Algeria 

Cape  Colony. 

Egypt 

Tunis 


Australasia 

Grand  total  for  the  world . 


Foreign  measure. 


Denomination. 


Imperial  bushels. 


Tons,  metric. 
Quarters. . . . 


Quintals. . . 

...do 

Hectoliters. 
Quarters.. . 
Hectoliters, 
Quarters. . . 


Imperial  bushels. 

Cwt 

Quarters 

Hectoliters 

Quarters 

...do 

...do 


Chetverts .  . 
Hectoliters, 
Quarters. . . 
...do 


Hectoliters. 
Quarters.. . 

...do 

...do 


Tons  of  2,240  lbs. 

Quarters 

...do 

...do 


Quarters. . . 

. .  .do 

...do, 

Hectoliters. 


Number  of  units, 


24,  460,  420 


1,  135,  000 

2,  250,  000 


14,  000,  000 
45,  000,  000 

6,  898,  000 
700,  000 

[19,436,872 
II,  500,000 

73,  354,  484 
I,  413,  964 
I,  500,  000 

44,631,100 

750,  000 

1,000,  000 

7,  750,  000 

33,  200,  000 
4,  350,  000 
I,  250,  000 

8,  500,  000 

I,  394,  200 

50,  000 

300,  000 

4,  500,  000 


6,-303,  900 
4,  500,  000 
2,  750,  000 
I,  500,  000 


2,  750,  000 

450,  000 

I,  000,  000 

I,  500,  000 


Winchester 
bushels. 


399,  262,  000 


25,231,412 
14,  000,  000 


438,493    -112 


41,703,683 
18,  567,  360 


60,  271,  043 


51,440,667 

165,  345,  000 

19,573,075 

5,776,512 

338,902,  124 
94,  899,  840 

75,666,617 

2,  639,  399 
12,  378,  240 

126,  640,  746 

6,  189,  120 

8,  252,  160 

63,  954,  240 

197,  739,  200 
22,  343,  125 
10,  315,  200 
70,  143,  360 

3,  956,  043 
412,  608 

2,475.648 
37,  134,  720 


316,177,644 


235,  34'i,  600 
37,  134,  720 
22,  693,  440 
12,  378,  240 


307,  552,000 


22,  693,  440 
3,713,472 
8,  252,  160 
4,  256,  250 


38,  915,  322 


42,  480,  131 


2,  203, 


),  552 


go 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 


World's  wheat  crop,  i8gi. 
[From  Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.] 


Countries. 

Foreign  measure. 

Winchester 

Denomination.         Number  of  units. 

bushels. 

North  America: 

United  States 

*6ll,  780,  000 

*33,  611,074 
*23,  922,  598 

Canada: 

Ontario         

Imperial  bushels  . 
.  .do    

32,  584,  026 
23, 191,  599 

Manitoba    

Total 

669,313,672 

Metric  tons 

Hectoliters 

South  America: 

Argentine  Republic 

900,  000 
5,000,000 

33,  069,  000 
14,  187,  500 

Chile 

Total 

47,  256,  500 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary: 

Austria 

Hectoliters 

do 

14,  500,  000 

44,  500,  000 

5,  000,  000 

4,  850,  000 

450,  000 

81,889,070 

44,495,000 

72,  127,  263 

1,  401,  127 
2,000,000 

44,  687,  900 

450,000 

1,000.000 

18,  704,  382 

28,  393,  000 

2,  129,  100 
2,  800, 000 

25,145.055 

I,  604, 000 

50,000 

1, 100,  000 

4,000,000 

41,  143,  750 

*I26,  268,  750 

14, 187,  500 

40, 022, 976 

3,713,472 

*232,  360,  236 

*I26,  254,  663 
*74,  400,  714 

*2,  615,  437 
5,675,000 

*I26,  801,  916 

3.713.472 

8,  252,  160 
53,  073,  684 

*i69,  108,  708 

*I2,  680,  920 

7,  945.  000 

*7i,  349.  094 

*4,  551,  350 

412,  608 

*4,  041,  766 

33,  008,  640 

Hungary 

Belgium 

do 

Bulgaria 

Quarters 

. . . .do  .... 

France                

Hectoliters 

do 

Germany      

Great  Britain  and  Ireland: 
Great  Britain 

Imperial  bushels  . 
Cwts 

Ireland    

Greece 

Hectoliters 

do 

Italy  .  . : 

Netherlands     

Quarters 

.  .do 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Hectoliters 

Chetverts 

do 

Russia  in  Europe  (exclusive  of 
Poland) 

Poland 

Servia 

Hectoliters 

. .   do      . 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway: 

Sweden 

do 

Norway 

Quarters 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Quarters 

Total 

I,  161,  581,  716 

Tons 

Asia: 

India 

6,  842,  000 
13,  050,  000 
9,000,000 
2,  500,  000 
4,  350,  000 

*255,  434,  667 
37,  029,  375 
74,  269,  440 
20,  630,  400 
12,  343,  125 

Asia  Minor 

Hectoliters 

Quarters 

Caucasus.  .    

Persia 

. .   do  . 

Syria 

Hectoliters 

Total 

399,  707.  007 



♦Official,  either  final  or  preliminary. 


BREADSTUFFS    IN    LATIN    AMERICA. 

World's  wheat  crop,  i8gi — Continued, 


91 


Foreign  measure. 

Winchester 

Denomination. 

Number  of  units. 

bushels. 

Africa: 

Algeria 

Hectoliters    

Quarters.    

do 

7,  500,  000 

500,  000 

I,  350,  000 

I,  500,000 

21,  281,  250 

Cape  Colony 

4,  126,  080 

II,  140,  416 
4,  256,  250 

tipj  r   

Tunis 

Hectoliters 

Total 

40.  803,  996 

Impeirial  bushels  . 

Austialasia  .          

32,  839,  505 

*33.  874,  606 

Grand  total 

2,352,537.497 

*  Official, either  final  or  preliminary.  « 

In  the  foregoing  table  the  figures  not  marked  by  a  star  are 
commercial  estimates.  Many  of  the  official  estimates  are  pre- 
liminary and  are  likely  to  be  considerably  changed  by  the  final 
statement. 


V' 


